verb
sklērunamō
Greekσκληρύνω (sklērunō)
Strong’sG4645
I harden
stem sklērun-6 times in the New Testamentin 3 of 27 books4 forms occur
Translated as
What it means
σκληρύνω
(< σκληρός), [in LXX chiefly for קשׁה hi., also for חזק;]
G. Abbott-Smith, A Manual Greek Lexicon of the New Testament, 1922 — public domain. References open in the reader.
Strong’s G4645 — the 1890 definition, and where the word comes from
Saidsklay-roo'-no
to indurate, i.e. (figuratively) render stubborn
Fromfrom G4642;
King Jamesharden.
James Strong, Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible, 1890 — public domain. The numbers in it link to the entries here.
Forms in the New Testament
| Form and the Greek behind it | What it is | Usually | Times |
|---|---|---|---|
| sklērunatōσκληρύνει | happening now · he/she/itpresent active indicative 3rd person singular | hardens | 1× |
| sklērunileἐσκληρύνοντο | was happening · theyimperfect passive indicative 3rd person plural | became hardened | 1× |
| sklērunaveiaσκληρύνητε | happened · yeaorist active subjunctive 2nd person plural | harden | 3× |
| sklēruniteiaσκληρυνθῇ | happened · he/she/itaorist passive subjunctive 3rd person singular | hardened | 1× |
Every form the New Testament uses, in paradigm order. What the system can build beyond them — the whole of this verb, whether the text happens to use it or not — is in the tables below.
Every form the system can build — all 172, by mood, including the ones the New Testament never uses
Statements — indicative mood, 2 occurrences
the subject acts active voice
| Who person | happening now present | was happening imperfect | will happen future | happened aorist | has happened perfect | had happened pluperfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I 1st person singular | sklērunamō | sklēruname | sklērunami | sklērunama | sklērunamē | sklērunamelē |
| you 2nd person singular | sklērunasō | sklērunase | sklērunasi | sklērunasa | sklērunasē | sklērunaselē |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | sklērunatō1×σκληρύνει | sklērunate | sklērunati | sklērunata | sklērunatē | sklērunatelē |
| we 1st person plural | sklērunanō | sklērunane | sklērunani | sklērunana | sklērunanē | sklērunanelē |
| ye 2nd person plural | sklērunavō | sklērunave | sklērunavi | sklērunava | sklērunavē | sklērunavelē |
| they 3rd person plural | sklērunalō | sklērunale | sklērunali | sklērunala | sklērunalē | sklērunalelē |
acted on passive voice
| Who person | happening now present | was happening imperfect | will happen future | happened aorist | has happened perfect | had happened pluperfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I 1st person singular | sklērunimō | sklērunime | sklērunimi | sklērunima | sklērunimē | sklērunimelē |
| you 2nd person singular | sklērunisō | sklērunise | sklērunisi | sklērunisa | sklērunisē | sklēruniselē |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | sklērunitō | sklērunite | sklēruniti | sklērunita | sklērunitē | sklērunitelē |
| we 1st person plural | sklēruninō | sklērunine | sklērunini | sklērunina | sklēruninē | sklēruninelē |
| ye 2nd person plural | sklērunivō | sklērunive | sklērunivi | sklēruniva | sklērunivē | sklērunivelē |
| they 3rd person plural | sklērunilō | sklērunile1×ἐσκληρύνοντο | sklērunili | sklērunila | sklērunilē | sklērunilelē |
May, might — subjunctive mood, 4 occurrences
the subject acts active voice
| Who person | happening now present | happened aorist | has happened perfect |
|---|---|---|---|
| I 1st person singular | sklērunameiō | sklērunameia | sklērunameiē |
| you 2nd person singular | sklērunaseiō | sklērunaseia | sklērunaseiē |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | sklērunateiō | sklērunateia | sklērunateiē |
| we 1st person plural | sklērunaneiō | sklērunaneia | sklērunaneiē |
| ye 2nd person plural | sklērunaveiō | sklērunaveia3×σκληρύνητε | sklērunaveiē |
| they 3rd person plural | sklērunaleiō | sklērunaleia | sklērunaleiē |
acted on passive voice
| Who person | happening now present | happened aorist | has happened perfect |
|---|---|---|---|
| I 1st person singular | sklērunimeiō | sklērunimeia | sklērunimeiē |
| you 2nd person singular | sklēruniseiō | sklēruniseia | sklēruniseiē |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | sklēruniteiō | sklēruniteia1×σκληρυνθῇ | sklēruniteiē |
| we 1st person plural | sklērunineiō | sklērunineia | sklērunineiē |
| ye 2nd person plural | sklēruniveiō | sklēruniveia | sklēruniveiē |
| they 3rd person plural | sklērunileiō | sklērunileia | sklērunileiē |
Commands — imperative mood, no occurrences
the subject acts active voice
| Who person | happening now present | happened aorist | has happened perfect |
|---|---|---|---|
| you 2nd person singular | sklērunasōr | sklērunasar | sklērunasēr |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | sklērunatōr | sklērunatar | sklērunatēr |
| ye 2nd person plural | sklērunavōr | sklērunavar | sklērunavēr |
| they 3rd person plural | sklērunalōr | sklērunalar | sklērunalēr |
acted on passive voice
| Who person | happening now present | happened aorist | has happened perfect |
|---|---|---|---|
| you 2nd person singular | sklērunisōr | sklērunisar | sklērunisēr |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | sklērunitōr | sklērunitar | sklērunitēr |
| ye 2nd person plural | sklērunivōr | sklērunivar | sklērunivēr |
| they 3rd person plural | sklērunilōr | sklērunilar | sklērunilēr |
Wishes — optative mood, no occurrences
the subject acts active voice
| Who person | happening now present | happened aorist |
|---|---|---|
| I 1st person singular | sklērunamoiō | sklērunamoia |
| you 2nd person singular | sklērunasoiō | sklērunasoia |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | sklērunatoiō | sklērunatoia |
| we 1st person plural | sklērunanoiō | sklērunanoia |
| ye 2nd person plural | sklērunavoiō | sklērunavoia |
| they 3rd person plural | sklērunaloiō | sklērunaloia |
acted on passive voice
| Who person | happening now present | happened aorist |
|---|---|---|
| I 1st person singular | sklērunimoiō | sklērunimoia |
| you 2nd person singular | sklērunisoiō | sklērunisoia |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | sklērunitoiō | sklērunitoia |
| we 1st person plural | sklēruninoiō | sklēruninoia |
| ye 2nd person plural | sklērunivoiō | sklērunivoia |
| they 3rd person plural | sklēruniloiō | sklēruniloia |
The “to …” form — infinitive, no occurrences
| Who is acting voice | happening now present | will happen future | happened aorist | has happened perfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| the subject acts active voice | sklērunarō | sklērunari | sklērunara | sklērunarē |
| acted on passive voice | sklērunirō | sklēruniri | sklērunira | sklērunirē |
Used as an adjective — participle, no occurrences
| Who is acting voice | happening now present | will happen future | happened aorist | has happened perfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| the subject acts active voice | sklērunarōtos | sklērunaritos | sklērunaratos | sklērunarētos |
| acted on passive voice | sklērunirōtos | sklēruniritos | sklēruniratos | sklērunirētos |
Each is given in the form it takes as a subject. From there a participle carries the ordinary noun endings, in every case, number and gender — so these four columns are the whole of what the verb contributes.
How every form is built — the slots that make them
sklērun is this word in every one of its forms. The slots after it make all the rest.
same in every form varies — every value shown
Where it appears
6 occurrences, every one of them listed
sklērunatō“hardens”happening now · he/she/itpresent active indicative 3rd person singular1×
Romans 9:18“hardens”ara oun hon thelatō elēatō, hon de thelatō sklērunatō.Therefore God has mercy on whom He wants to have mercy, and He hardens whom He wants to harden.
sklērunile“became hardened”was happening · theyimperfect passive indicative 3rd person plural1×
Acts 19:9“became hardened”hōs de tinois sklērunile kai apeithale kakologarōtois tan hodan enōpion teu plētheu, afistanaratos apo autoiu aforizata toin mathētoin, kata hēmeran dialegerōtos en ta schola Turannou.But when some of them stubbornly refused to believe and publicly maligned the Way, Paul took his disciples and left the synagogue to conduct daily discussions in the lecture hall of Tyrannus.
sklērunaveia“harden”happened · yeaorist active subjunctive 2nd person plural3×
Hebrews 3:8“harden”mē sklērunaveia tain kardiain vu hōs en to parapikrasmo, kata tan hēmeran tou peirasmou en ta erēma,do not harden your hearts, as you did in the rebellion, in the day of testing in the wilderness,
Hebrews 3:15“harden”en te legirō; Sēmeron ean tau fōnau autou akouaveia, Mē sklērunaveia tain kardiain vu hōs en to parapikrasmo.As it has been said: “Today, if you hear His voice, do not harden your hearts, as you did in the rebellion.”
Hebrews 4:7“harden”palin tinan horizatō hēmeran, Sēmeron, en David legarōtos meta tosouton chronon, kathōs prolegitē, Sēmeron ean tau fōnau autou akouaveia, mē sklērunaveia tain kardiain vu;God again designated a certain day as “Today,” when a long time later He spoke through David as was just stated: “Today, if you hear His voice, do not harden your hearts.”
sklēruniteia“hardened”happened · he/she/itaorist passive subjunctive 3rd person singular1×
Hebrews 3:13“hardened”alla parakalavōr heautoin kata hekastan hēmeran, achris hou tem Sēmeron kalitō, hina mē sklēruniteia tinos ek vu apata tau hamartau;But exhort one another daily, as long as it is called today, so that none of you may be hardened by sin’s deceitfulness.