verb
sklērunamō
Strong’sG4645
I harden
stem sklērun-6 times in the New Testamentin 3 of 27 books4 forms occur
What it means
What the word means, in the words of the lexicons out of copyright — Abbott-Smith, Strong's, and Liddell-Scott-Jones, wherever each has an entry for it.
σκληρύνω
(< σκληρός), [in LXX chiefly for קשׁה hi., also for חזק;]
G. Abbott-Smith, A Manual Greek Lexicon of the New Testament, 1922 — public domain. References open in the reader.
Strong’s G4645 — the 1890 definition, and where the word comes from
Saidsklay-roo'-no
to indurate, i.e. (figuratively) render stubborn
Fromfrom G4642;
King Jamesharden.
James Strong, Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible, 1890 — public domain. The numbers in it link to the entries here.
Liddell-Scott-Jones — the classical dictionary this word appears in
harden, opposed to μαλάσσω, Refs 5th c.BC+:—passive, with perfect ἐσκλήρυσμαι Refs 5th c.BC+, to be hardened, grow hard, Refs 4th c.BC+
2 metaphorically, σ. τὴν καρδίαν τινός harden his heart, LXX+NT:—passive, LXX
H. G. Liddell, R. Scott, H. S. Jones, A Greek-English Lexicon (9th ed., 1925–1940) — digitised by the Perseus Digital Library and corrected and expanded by Tyndale House, Cambridge, via STEPBible-Data's TFLSJ table, CC BY 4.0. Covers all of Greek literature, not just the Bible.
Translated as
Every occurrence, sorted by the English it was actually given — the evidence for what the word means, not a gloss of it.
Berean Standard Bible (BSB), dedicated to the public domain — berean.bible.
Biblang forms
What the New Testament actually uses, first — the whole system this verb is built from is one click further down.
| Form and the Greek behind it | What it is | Usually | Times |
|---|---|---|---|
| sklērunatōσκληρύνει | happening now · he/she/itpresent active indicative 3rd person singular | hardens | 1× |
| sklērunoleἐσκληρύνοντο | was happening · theyimperfect middle or passive indicative 3rd person plural | became hardened | 1× |
| sklērunaveiaσκληρύνητε | happened · yeaorist active subjunctive 2nd person plural | harden | 3× |
| sklēruniteiaσκληρυνθῇ | happened · he/she/itaorist passive subjunctive 3rd person singular | hardened | 1× |
Every form the New Testament uses, in paradigm order. What the system can build beyond them — the whole of this verb, whether the text happens to use it or not — is in the tables below.
Every form the system can build — all 172, by mood, including the ones the New Testament never uses
Statements — indicative mood, 2 occurrences
the subject acts active voice
| Who person | happening now present | was happening imperfect | will happen future | happened aorist | has happened perfect | had happened pluperfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I 1st person singular | sklērunamō | sklēruname | sklērunami | sklērunama | sklērunamē | sklērunamelē |
| you 2nd person singular | sklērunasō | sklērunase | sklērunasi | sklērunasa | sklērunasē | sklērunaselē |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | sklērunatō1×σκληρύνει | sklērunate | sklērunati | sklērunata | sklērunatē | sklērunatelē |
| we 1st person plural | sklērunanō | sklērunane | sklērunani | sklērunana | sklērunanē | sklērunanelē |
| ye 2nd person plural | sklērunavō | sklērunave | sklērunavi | sklērunava | sklērunavē | sklērunavelē |
| they 3rd person plural | sklērunalō | sklērunale | sklērunali | sklērunala | sklērunalē | sklērunalelē |
acts on itself, or is acted on middle or passive voice
| Who person | happening now present | was happening imperfect | has happened perfect | had happened pluperfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| I 1st person singular | sklērunomō | sklērunome | sklērunomē | sklērunomelē |
| you 2nd person singular | sklērunosō | sklērunose | sklērunosē | sklērunoselē |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | sklērunotō | sklērunote | sklērunotē | sklērunotelē |
| we 1st person plural | sklērunonō | sklērunone | sklērunonē | sklērunonelē |
| ye 2nd person plural | sklērunovō | sklērunove | sklērunovē | sklērunovelē |
| they 3rd person plural | sklērunolō | sklērunole1×ἐσκληρύνοντο | sklērunolē | sklērunolelē |
acted on passive voice
| Who person | will happen future | happened aorist |
|---|---|---|
| I 1st person singular | sklērunimi | sklērunima |
| you 2nd person singular | sklērunisi | sklērunisa |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | sklēruniti | sklērunita |
| we 1st person plural | sklērunini | sklērunina |
| ye 2nd person plural | sklērunivi | sklēruniva |
| they 3rd person plural | sklērunili | sklērunila |
May, might — subjunctive mood, 4 occurrences
the subject acts active voice
| Who person | happening now present | happened aorist | has happened perfect |
|---|---|---|---|
| I 1st person singular | sklērunameiō | sklērunameia | sklērunameiē |
| you 2nd person singular | sklērunaseiō | sklērunaseia | sklērunaseiē |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | sklērunateiō | sklērunateia | sklērunateiē |
| we 1st person plural | sklērunaneiō | sklērunaneia | sklērunaneiē |
| ye 2nd person plural | sklērunaveiō | sklērunaveia3×σκληρύνητε | sklērunaveiē |
| they 3rd person plural | sklērunaleiō | sklērunaleia | sklērunaleiē |
acts on itself, or is acted on middle or passive voice
| Who person | happening now present | has happened perfect |
|---|---|---|
| I 1st person singular | sklērunomeiō | sklērunomeiē |
| you 2nd person singular | sklērunoseiō | sklērunoseiē |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | sklērunoteiō | sklērunoteiē |
| we 1st person plural | sklērunoneiō | sklērunoneiē |
| ye 2nd person plural | sklērunoveiō | sklērunoveiē |
| they 3rd person plural | sklērunoleiō | sklērunoleiē |
acted on passive voice
| Who person | happened aorist |
|---|---|
| I 1st person singular | sklērunimeia |
| you 2nd person singular | sklēruniseia |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | sklēruniteia1×σκληρυνθῇ |
| we 1st person plural | sklērunineia |
| ye 2nd person plural | sklēruniveia |
| they 3rd person plural | sklērunileia |
Commands — imperative mood, no occurrences
the subject acts active voice
| Who person | happening now present | happened aorist | has happened perfect |
|---|---|---|---|
| you 2nd person singular | sklērunasōr | sklērunasar | sklērunasēr |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | sklērunatōr | sklērunatar | sklērunatēr |
| ye 2nd person plural | sklērunavōr | sklērunavar | sklērunavēr |
| they 3rd person plural | sklērunalōr | sklērunalar | sklērunalēr |
acts on itself, or is acted on middle or passive voice
| Who person | happening now present | has happened perfect |
|---|---|---|
| you 2nd person singular | sklērunosōr | sklērunosēr |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | sklērunotōr | sklērunotēr |
| ye 2nd person plural | sklērunovōr | sklērunovēr |
| they 3rd person plural | sklērunolōr | sklērunolēr |
acted on passive voice
| Who person | happened aorist |
|---|---|
| you 2nd person singular | sklērunisar |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | sklērunitar |
| ye 2nd person plural | sklērunivar |
| they 3rd person plural | sklērunilar |
Wishes — optative mood, no occurrences
the subject acts active voice
| Who person | happening now present | happened aorist |
|---|---|---|
| I 1st person singular | sklērunamoiō | sklērunamoia |
| you 2nd person singular | sklērunasoiō | sklērunasoia |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | sklērunatoiō | sklērunatoia |
| we 1st person plural | sklērunanoiō | sklērunanoia |
| ye 2nd person plural | sklērunavoiō | sklērunavoia |
| they 3rd person plural | sklērunaloiō | sklērunaloia |
acts on itself, or is acted on middle or passive voice
| Who person | happening now present |
|---|---|
| I 1st person singular | sklērunomoiō |
| you 2nd person singular | sklērunosoiō |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | sklērunotoiō |
| we 1st person plural | sklērunonoiō |
| ye 2nd person plural | sklērunovoiō |
| they 3rd person plural | sklērunoloiō |
acted on passive voice
| Who person | happened aorist |
|---|---|
| I 1st person singular | sklērunimoia |
| you 2nd person singular | sklērunisoia |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | sklērunitoia |
| we 1st person plural | sklēruninoia |
| ye 2nd person plural | sklērunivoia |
| they 3rd person plural | sklēruniloia |
The “to …” form — infinitive, no occurrences
| Who is acting voice | happening now present | will happen future | happened aorist | has happened perfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| the subject acts active voice | sklērunarō | sklērunari | sklērunara | sklērunarē |
| acts on itself, or is acted on middle or passive voice | sklērunorō | sklērunorē | ||
| acted on passive voice | sklēruniri | sklērunira |
Used as an adjective — participle, no occurrences
| Who is acting voice | happening now present | will happen future | happened aorist | has happened perfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| the subject acts active voice | sklērunarōntos | sklērunarintos | sklērunarantos | sklērunarēntos |
| acts on itself, or is acted on middle or passive voice | sklērunorōntos | sklērunorēntos | ||
| acted on passive voice | sklērunirintos | sklērunirantos |
Each is given in the form it takes as a subject. From there a participle carries the ordinary noun endings, in every case, number and gender — so these four columns are the whole of what the verb contributes.
How every form is built — the slots that make them
sklērun is this word in every one of its forms. The slots after it make all the rest.
same in every form varies — every value shown
Where it appears
Every verse the word appears in, filed under the form it takes there.
6 occurrences, every one of them listed
sklērunatō“hardens”happening now · he/she/itpresent active indicative 3rd person singular1×
Romans 9:18… hon thelatō elēatō, hon de thelatō sklērunatō.… wants to have mercy, and He hardens whom He wants to harden.
sklērunole“became hardened”was happening · theyimperfect middle or passive indicative 3rd person plural1×
Acts 19:9“became hardened”hōs de tinois sklērunole kai apeithale kakologarōntois tan hodan enōpion …But when some of them stubbornly refused to believe and publicly maligned the Way, Paul took …
sklērunaveia“harden”happened · yeaorist active subjunctive 2nd person plural3×
Hebrews 3:8mē sklērunaveia tain kardiain vu hōs en to …do not harden your hearts, as you did in …
Hebrews 3:15… ean tau fōnau autou akouaveia, Mē sklērunaveia tain kardiain vu hōs en to …… you hear His voice, do not harden your hearts, as you did in …
Hebrews 4:7… ean tau fōnau autou akouaveia, mē sklērunaveia tain kardiain vu;… you hear His voice, do not harden your hearts.”
sklēruniteia“hardened”happened · he/she/itaorist passive subjunctive 3rd person singular1×
Hebrews 3:13… hou tem Sēmeron kalotō, hina mē sklēruniteia tinos ek vu apata tau hamartau;… that none of you may be hardened by sin’s deceitfulness.