verb
skotomō
Strong’sG4656
I darken
stem skot-3 times in the New Testamentin 2 of 27 books3 forms occur
What it means
What the word means, in the words of the lexicons out of copyright — Abbott-Smith, Strong's, and Liddell-Scott-Jones, wherever each has an entry for it.
σκοτόω, -ῶ
(< σκότος), [in LXX for חשׁךְ, קדר, שׁחר;]
G. Abbott-Smith, A Manual Greek Lexicon of the New Testament, 1922 — public domain. References open in the reader.
Strong’s G4656 — the 1890 definition, and where the word comes from
Saidskot-o'-o
to obscure or blind (literally or figuratively)
Fromfrom G4655;
King Jamesbe full of darkness.
James Strong, Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible, 1890 — public domain. The numbers in it link to the entries here.
Liddell-Scott-Jones — the classical dictionary this word appears in
darken, blind, σκοτώσω βλέφαρα καὶ δεδορκότα Refs 5th c.BC+; stupefy, Refs 2nd c.AD+; make dizzy, τὰς ὄψεις NT:—passive, to be in darkness, suffer from vertigo, like{σκοτοδινιάω}, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἕλμινθες -ωθεῖσαι stupefied, Refs 1st c.AD+
H. G. Liddell, R. Scott, H. S. Jones, A Greek-English Lexicon (9th ed., 1925–1940) — digitised by the Perseus Digital Library and corrected and expanded by Tyndale House, Cambridge, via STEPBible-Data's TFLSJ table, CC BY 4.0. Covers all of Greek literature, not just the Bible.
Translated as
Every occurrence, sorted by the English it was actually given — the evidence for what the word means, not a gloss of it.
Berean Standard Bible (BSB), dedicated to the public domain — berean.bible.
Biblang forms
What the New Testament actually uses, first — the whole system this verb is built from is one click further down.
| Form and the Greek behind it | What it is | Usually | Times |
|---|---|---|---|
| skotitaἐσκοτώθη | happened · he/she/itaorist passive indicative 3rd person singular | darkened | 1× |
| skotorēntasἐσκοτωμένη | has happened · subjectperfect middle or passive participle nominative singular feminine | plunged into darkness | 1× |
| skotorēntoisἐσκοτωμένοι | has happened · subjectperfect middle or passive participle nominative plural masculine | darkened | 1× |
Every form the New Testament uses, in paradigm order. What the system can build beyond them — the whole of this verb, whether the text happens to use it or not — is in the tables below.
Every form the system can build — all 86, by mood, including the ones the New Testament never uses
Statements — indicative mood, 1 occurrence
acts on itself, or is acted on middle or passive voice
| Who person | happening now present | was happening imperfect | has happened perfect | had happened pluperfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| I 1st person singular | skotomō | skotome | skotomē | skotomelē |
| you 2nd person singular | skotosō | skotose | skotosē | skotoselē |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | skototō | skotote | skototē | skototelē |
| we 1st person plural | skotonō | skotone | skotonē | skotonelē |
| ye 2nd person plural | skotovō | skotove | skotovē | skotovelē |
| they 3rd person plural | skotolō | skotole | skotolē | skotolelē |
acted on passive voice
| Who person | will happen future | happened aorist |
|---|---|---|
| I 1st person singular | skotimi | skotima |
| you 2nd person singular | skotisi | skotisa |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | skotiti | skotita1×ἐσκοτώθη |
| we 1st person plural | skotini | skotina |
| ye 2nd person plural | skotivi | skotiva |
| they 3rd person plural | skotili | skotila |
May, might — subjunctive mood, no occurrences
acts on itself, or is acted on middle or passive voice
| Who person | happening now present | has happened perfect |
|---|---|---|
| I 1st person singular | skotomeiō | skotomeiē |
| you 2nd person singular | skotoseiō | skotoseiē |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | skototeiō | skototeiē |
| we 1st person plural | skotoneiō | skotoneiē |
| ye 2nd person plural | skotoveiō | skotoveiē |
| they 3rd person plural | skotoleiō | skotoleiē |
acted on passive voice
| Who person | happened aorist |
|---|---|
| I 1st person singular | skotimeia |
| you 2nd person singular | skotiseia |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | skotiteia |
| we 1st person plural | skotineia |
| ye 2nd person plural | skotiveia |
| they 3rd person plural | skotileia |
Commands — imperative mood, no occurrences
acts on itself, or is acted on middle or passive voice
| Who person | happening now present | has happened perfect |
|---|---|---|
| you 2nd person singular | skotosōr | skotosēr |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | skototōr | skototēr |
| ye 2nd person plural | skotovōr | skotovēr |
| they 3rd person plural | skotolōr | skotolēr |
acted on passive voice
| Who person | happened aorist |
|---|---|
| you 2nd person singular | skotisar |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | skotitar |
| ye 2nd person plural | skotivar |
| they 3rd person plural | skotilar |
Wishes — optative mood, no occurrences
acts on itself, or is acted on middle or passive voice
| Who person | happening now present |
|---|---|
| I 1st person singular | skotomoiō |
| you 2nd person singular | skotosoiō |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | skototoiō |
| we 1st person plural | skotonoiō |
| ye 2nd person plural | skotovoiō |
| they 3rd person plural | skotoloiō |
acted on passive voice
| Who person | happened aorist |
|---|---|
| I 1st person singular | skotimoia |
| you 2nd person singular | skotisoia |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | skotitoia |
| we 1st person plural | skotinoia |
| ye 2nd person plural | skotivoia |
| they 3rd person plural | skotiloia |
The “to …” form — infinitive, no occurrences
| Who is acting voice | happening now present | will happen future | happened aorist | has happened perfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| acts on itself, or is acted on middle or passive voice | skotorō | skotorē | ||
| acted on passive voice | skotiri | skotira |
Used as an adjective — participle, 2 occurrences
| Who is acting voice | happening now present | will happen future | happened aorist | has happened perfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| acts on itself, or is acted on middle or passive voice | skotorōntos | skotorēntos2× | ||
| acted on passive voice | skotirintos | skotirantos |
Each is given in the form it takes as a subject. From there a participle carries the ordinary noun endings, in every case, number and gender — so these four columns are the whole of what the verb contributes.
How every form is built — the slots that make them
skot is this word in every one of its forms. The slots after it make all the rest.
same in every form varies — every value shown
Words built on the same stem
Other words sharing the exact same stem — not merely related in meaning.
Where it appears
Every verse the word appears in, filed under the form it takes there.
3 occurrences, every one of them listed
skotita“darkened”happened · he/she/itaorist passive indicative 3rd person singular1×
Revelation 9:2… freateu hōs kapnos kaminosau megau, kai skotita tos hēlios kai tos aeros ek …… the sun and the air were darkened by the smoke from the pit.
skotorēntas“plunged into darkness”has happened · subjectperfect middle or passive participle nominative singular feminine1×
Revelation 16:10… thēreu; kai geneta tas basileias auteu skotorēntas, kai masole tain glōssain autoiu ek …… the beast, and its kingdom was plunged into darkness, and men began to gnaw their …
skotorēntois“darkened”has happened · subjectperfect middle or passive participle nominative plural masculine1×
Ephesians 4:18skotorēntois ta dianoia arōntois, apallotriorēntois tau zōau …They are darkened in their understanding and alienated from …