verb
pikranomō
Strong’sG4087
I embitter
stem pikran-4 times in the New Testamentin 2 of 27 books4 forms occur
What it means
What the word means, in the words of the lexicons out of copyright — Abbott-Smith, Strong's, and Liddell-Scott-Jones, wherever each has an entry for it.
πικραίνω
(< πικρός), [in LXX for מרר, קצף, etc.;]
G. Abbott-Smith, A Manual Greek Lexicon of the New Testament, 1922 — public domain. References open in the reader.
Strong’s G4087 — the 1890 definition, and where the word comes from
Saidpik-rah'-ee-no
to embitter (literally or figuratively)
Fromfrom G4089;
King Jamesbe (make) bitter.
James Strong, Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible, 1890 — public domain. The numbers in it link to the entries here.
Liddell-Scott-Jones — the classical dictionary this word appears in
make sharp or keen, especially to the taste, π. τὴν κοιλίαν make it bitter, NT:— passive, τὸ στόμα πικραίνεται Refs 5th c.BC+
2 metaphorically, embitter, irritate, τὴν ψυχήν LXX; τὴν ἀκοήν affect it harshly, opposed to γλυκαίνω, Refs 1st c.BC+; make harsh, νόμους conjecture in Refs 4th c.BC+:—passive, to be exasperated, embittered, Refs 5th c.BC+; ὁ ζωγράφος πονεῖ τι καὶ π. vexes himself, LXX+4th c.BC+; ἔν τισιLXX; also ἐπικράνθη μοι it grieved me, Refs
3 of style, make harsh or rugged, διάλεκτον Refs 1st c.BC+
H. G. Liddell, R. Scott, H. S. Jones, A Greek-English Lexicon (9th ed., 1925–1940) — digitised by the Perseus Digital Library and corrected and expanded by Tyndale House, Cambridge, via STEPBible-Data's TFLSJ table, CC BY 4.0. Covers all of Greek literature, not just the Bible.
Translated as
Every occurrence, sorted by the English it was actually given — the evidence for what the word means, not a gloss of it.
Berean Standard Bible (BSB), dedicated to the public domain — berean.bible.
Biblang forms
What the New Testament actually uses, first — the whole system this verb is built from is one click further down.
| Form and the Greek behind it | What it is | Usually | Times |
|---|---|---|---|
| pikranatiπικρανεῖ | will happen · he/she/itfuture active indicative 3rd person singular | make … bitter | 1× |
| pikranitaἐπικράνθη | happened · he/she/itaorist passive indicative 3rd person singular | made bitter | 1× |
| pikranilaἐπικράνθησαν | happened · theyaorist passive indicative 3rd person plural | made bitter | 1× |
| pikranovōrπικραίνεσθε | happening now · yepresent middle or passive imperative 2nd person plural | embittered | 1× |
Every form the New Testament uses, in paradigm order. What the system can build beyond them — the whole of this verb, whether the text happens to use it or not — is in the tables below.
Every form the system can build — all 172, by mood, including the ones the New Testament never uses
Statements — indicative mood, 3 occurrences
the subject acts active voice
| Who person | happening now present | was happening imperfect | will happen future | happened aorist | has happened perfect | had happened pluperfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I 1st person singular | pikranamō | pikraname | pikranami | pikranama | pikranamē | pikranamelē |
| you 2nd person singular | pikranasō | pikranase | pikranasi | pikranasa | pikranasē | pikranaselē |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | pikranatō | pikranate | pikranati1×πικρανεῖ | pikranata | pikranatē | pikranatelē |
| we 1st person plural | pikrananō | pikranane | pikranani | pikranana | pikrananē | pikrananelē |
| ye 2nd person plural | pikranavō | pikranave | pikranavi | pikranava | pikranavē | pikranavelē |
| they 3rd person plural | pikranalō | pikranale | pikranali | pikranala | pikranalē | pikranalelē |
acts on itself, or is acted on middle or passive voice
| Who person | happening now present | was happening imperfect | has happened perfect | had happened pluperfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| I 1st person singular | pikranomō | pikranome | pikranomē | pikranomelē |
| you 2nd person singular | pikranosō | pikranose | pikranosē | pikranoselē |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | pikranotō | pikranote | pikranotē | pikranotelē |
| we 1st person plural | pikranonō | pikranone | pikranonē | pikranonelē |
| ye 2nd person plural | pikranovō | pikranove | pikranovē | pikranovelē |
| they 3rd person plural | pikranolō | pikranole | pikranolē | pikranolelē |
acted on passive voice
| Who person | will happen future | happened aorist |
|---|---|---|
| I 1st person singular | pikranimi | pikranima |
| you 2nd person singular | pikranisi | pikranisa |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | pikraniti | pikranita1×ἐπικράνθη |
| we 1st person plural | pikranini | pikranina |
| ye 2nd person plural | pikranivi | pikraniva |
| they 3rd person plural | pikranili | pikranila1×ἐπικράνθησαν |
May, might — subjunctive mood, no occurrences
the subject acts active voice
| Who person | happening now present | happened aorist | has happened perfect |
|---|---|---|---|
| I 1st person singular | pikranameiō | pikranameia | pikranameiē |
| you 2nd person singular | pikranaseiō | pikranaseia | pikranaseiē |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | pikranateiō | pikranateia | pikranateiē |
| we 1st person plural | pikrananeiō | pikrananeia | pikrananeiē |
| ye 2nd person plural | pikranaveiō | pikranaveia | pikranaveiē |
| they 3rd person plural | pikranaleiō | pikranaleia | pikranaleiē |
acts on itself, or is acted on middle or passive voice
| Who person | happening now present | has happened perfect |
|---|---|---|
| I 1st person singular | pikranomeiō | pikranomeiē |
| you 2nd person singular | pikranoseiō | pikranoseiē |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | pikranoteiō | pikranoteiē |
| we 1st person plural | pikranoneiō | pikranoneiē |
| ye 2nd person plural | pikranoveiō | pikranoveiē |
| they 3rd person plural | pikranoleiō | pikranoleiē |
acted on passive voice
| Who person | happened aorist |
|---|---|
| I 1st person singular | pikranimeia |
| you 2nd person singular | pikraniseia |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | pikraniteia |
| we 1st person plural | pikranineia |
| ye 2nd person plural | pikraniveia |
| they 3rd person plural | pikranileia |
Commands — imperative mood, 1 occurrence
the subject acts active voice
| Who person | happening now present | happened aorist | has happened perfect |
|---|---|---|---|
| you 2nd person singular | pikranasōr | pikranasar | pikranasēr |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | pikranatōr | pikranatar | pikranatēr |
| ye 2nd person plural | pikranavōr | pikranavar | pikranavēr |
| they 3rd person plural | pikranalōr | pikranalar | pikranalēr |
acts on itself, or is acted on middle or passive voice
| Who person | happening now present | has happened perfect |
|---|---|---|
| you 2nd person singular | pikranosōr | pikranosēr |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | pikranotōr | pikranotēr |
| ye 2nd person plural | pikranovōr1×πικραίνεσθε | pikranovēr |
| they 3rd person plural | pikranolōr | pikranolēr |
acted on passive voice
| Who person | happened aorist |
|---|---|
| you 2nd person singular | pikranisar |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | pikranitar |
| ye 2nd person plural | pikranivar |
| they 3rd person plural | pikranilar |
Wishes — optative mood, no occurrences
the subject acts active voice
| Who person | happening now present | happened aorist |
|---|---|---|
| I 1st person singular | pikranamoiō | pikranamoia |
| you 2nd person singular | pikranasoiō | pikranasoia |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | pikranatoiō | pikranatoia |
| we 1st person plural | pikrananoiō | pikrananoia |
| ye 2nd person plural | pikranavoiō | pikranavoia |
| they 3rd person plural | pikranaloiō | pikranaloia |
acts on itself, or is acted on middle or passive voice
| Who person | happening now present |
|---|---|
| I 1st person singular | pikranomoiō |
| you 2nd person singular | pikranosoiō |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | pikranotoiō |
| we 1st person plural | pikranonoiō |
| ye 2nd person plural | pikranovoiō |
| they 3rd person plural | pikranoloiō |
acted on passive voice
| Who person | happened aorist |
|---|---|
| I 1st person singular | pikranimoia |
| you 2nd person singular | pikranisoia |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | pikranitoia |
| we 1st person plural | pikraninoia |
| ye 2nd person plural | pikranivoia |
| they 3rd person plural | pikraniloia |
The “to …” form — infinitive, no occurrences
| Who is acting voice | happening now present | will happen future | happened aorist | has happened perfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| the subject acts active voice | pikranarō | pikranari | pikranara | pikranarē |
| acts on itself, or is acted on middle or passive voice | pikranorō | pikranorē | ||
| acted on passive voice | pikraniri | pikranira |
Used as an adjective — participle, no occurrences
| Who is acting voice | happening now present | will happen future | happened aorist | has happened perfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| the subject acts active voice | pikranarōntos | pikranarintos | pikranarantos | pikranarēntos |
| acts on itself, or is acted on middle or passive voice | pikranorōntos | pikranorēntos | ||
| acted on passive voice | pikranirintos | pikranirantos |
Each is given in the form it takes as a subject. From there a participle carries the ordinary noun endings, in every case, number and gender — so these four columns are the whole of what the verb contributes.
How every form is built — the slots that make them
pikran is this word in every one of its forms. The slots after it make all the rest.
same in every form varies — every value shown
Where it appears
Every verse the word appears in, filed under the form it takes there.
4 occurrences, every one of them listed
pikranati“make … bitter”will happen · he/she/itfuture active indicative 3rd person singular1×
Revelation 10:9… mi; Labasar kai katesthiasar autem, kai pikranati su tan koilian, alla en te …… eat it,” he said. “It will make your stomach bitter, but in your mouth it will …
pikranita“made bitter”happened · he/she/itaorist passive indicative 3rd person singular1×
Revelation 10:10“made bitter”… melitem glukuem; kai hote esthiama autem, pikranita tas koilias mu.… was as sweet as honey in my mouth. But when I had eaten it, my stomach turned bitter.
pikranila“made bitter”happened · theyaorist passive indicative 3rd person plural1×
Revelation 8:11“made bitter”… anthrōpoiu apothnēskala ek teiu hudeiu, hoti pikranila.… and many people died from the bitter waters.
pikranovōr“embittered”happening now · yepresent middle or passive imperative 2nd person plural1×
Colossians 3:19“embittered”… androir, agapavōr tain gunaikain kai mē pikranovōr pros autain.Husbands, love your wives and do not be harsh with them.