verb
pikrainimō
Greekπικραίνω (pikrainō)
Strong’sG4087
I embitter
stem pikrain-4 times in the New Testamentin 2 of 27 books4 forms occur
Translated as
What it means
πικραίνω
(< πικρός), [in LXX for מרר, קצף, etc.;]
G. Abbott-Smith, A Manual Greek Lexicon of the New Testament, 1922 — public domain. References open in the reader.
Strong’s G4087 — the 1890 definition, and where the word comes from
Saidpik-rah'-ee-no
to embitter (literally or figuratively)
Fromfrom G4089;
King Jamesbe (make) bitter.
James Strong, Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible, 1890 — public domain. The numbers in it link to the entries here.
Forms in the New Testament
| Form and the Greek behind it | What it is | Usually | Times |
|---|---|---|---|
| pikrainatiπικρανεῖ | will happen · he/she/itfuture active indicative 3rd person singular | make … bitter | 1× |
| pikrainitaἐπικράνθη | happened · he/she/itaorist passive indicative 3rd person singular | made bitter | 1× |
| pikrainilaἐπικράνθησαν | happened · theyaorist passive indicative 3rd person plural | made bitter | 1× |
| pikrainivōrπικραίνεσθε | happening now · yepresent passive imperative 2nd person plural | embittered | 1× |
Every form the New Testament uses, in paradigm order. What the system can build beyond them — the whole of this verb, whether the text happens to use it or not — is in the tables below.
Every form the system can build — all 172, by mood, including the ones the New Testament never uses
Statements — indicative mood, 3 occurrences
the subject acts active voice
| Who person | happening now present | was happening imperfect | will happen future | happened aorist | has happened perfect | had happened pluperfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I 1st person singular | pikrainamō | pikrainame | pikrainami | pikrainama | pikrainamē | pikrainamelē |
| you 2nd person singular | pikrainasō | pikrainase | pikrainasi | pikrainasa | pikrainasē | pikrainaselē |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | pikrainatō | pikrainate | pikrainati1×πικρανεῖ | pikrainata | pikrainatē | pikrainatelē |
| we 1st person plural | pikrainanō | pikrainane | pikrainani | pikrainana | pikrainanē | pikrainanelē |
| ye 2nd person plural | pikrainavō | pikrainave | pikrainavi | pikrainava | pikrainavē | pikrainavelē |
| they 3rd person plural | pikrainalō | pikrainale | pikrainali | pikrainala | pikrainalē | pikrainalelē |
acted on passive voice
| Who person | happening now present | was happening imperfect | will happen future | happened aorist | has happened perfect | had happened pluperfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I 1st person singular | pikrainimō | pikrainime | pikrainimi | pikrainima | pikrainimē | pikrainimelē |
| you 2nd person singular | pikrainisō | pikrainise | pikrainisi | pikrainisa | pikrainisē | pikrainiselē |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | pikrainitō | pikrainite | pikrainiti | pikrainita1×ἐπικράνθη | pikrainitē | pikrainitelē |
| we 1st person plural | pikraininō | pikrainine | pikrainini | pikrainina | pikraininē | pikraininelē |
| ye 2nd person plural | pikrainivō | pikrainive | pikrainivi | pikrainiva | pikrainivē | pikrainivelē |
| they 3rd person plural | pikrainilō | pikrainile | pikrainili | pikrainila1×ἐπικράνθησαν | pikrainilē | pikrainilelē |
May, might — subjunctive mood, no occurrences
the subject acts active voice
| Who person | happening now present | happened aorist | has happened perfect |
|---|---|---|---|
| I 1st person singular | pikrainameiō | pikrainameia | pikrainameiē |
| you 2nd person singular | pikrainaseiō | pikrainaseia | pikrainaseiē |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | pikrainateiō | pikrainateia | pikrainateiē |
| we 1st person plural | pikrainaneiō | pikrainaneia | pikrainaneiē |
| ye 2nd person plural | pikrainaveiō | pikrainaveia | pikrainaveiē |
| they 3rd person plural | pikrainaleiō | pikrainaleia | pikrainaleiē |
acted on passive voice
| Who person | happening now present | happened aorist | has happened perfect |
|---|---|---|---|
| I 1st person singular | pikrainimeiō | pikrainimeia | pikrainimeiē |
| you 2nd person singular | pikrainiseiō | pikrainiseia | pikrainiseiē |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | pikrainiteiō | pikrainiteia | pikrainiteiē |
| we 1st person plural | pikrainineiō | pikrainineia | pikrainineiē |
| ye 2nd person plural | pikrainiveiō | pikrainiveia | pikrainiveiē |
| they 3rd person plural | pikrainileiō | pikrainileia | pikrainileiē |
Commands — imperative mood, 1 occurrence
the subject acts active voice
| Who person | happening now present | happened aorist | has happened perfect |
|---|---|---|---|
| you 2nd person singular | pikrainasōr | pikrainasar | pikrainasēr |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | pikrainatōr | pikrainatar | pikrainatēr |
| ye 2nd person plural | pikrainavōr | pikrainavar | pikrainavēr |
| they 3rd person plural | pikrainalōr | pikrainalar | pikrainalēr |
acted on passive voice
| Who person | happening now present | happened aorist | has happened perfect |
|---|---|---|---|
| you 2nd person singular | pikrainisōr | pikrainisar | pikrainisēr |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | pikrainitōr | pikrainitar | pikrainitēr |
| ye 2nd person plural | pikrainivōr1×πικραίνεσθε | pikrainivar | pikrainivēr |
| they 3rd person plural | pikrainilōr | pikrainilar | pikrainilēr |
Wishes — optative mood, no occurrences
the subject acts active voice
| Who person | happening now present | happened aorist |
|---|---|---|
| I 1st person singular | pikrainamoiō | pikrainamoia |
| you 2nd person singular | pikrainasoiō | pikrainasoia |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | pikrainatoiō | pikrainatoia |
| we 1st person plural | pikrainanoiō | pikrainanoia |
| ye 2nd person plural | pikrainavoiō | pikrainavoia |
| they 3rd person plural | pikrainaloiō | pikrainaloia |
acted on passive voice
| Who person | happening now present | happened aorist |
|---|---|---|
| I 1st person singular | pikrainimoiō | pikrainimoia |
| you 2nd person singular | pikrainisoiō | pikrainisoia |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | pikrainitoiō | pikrainitoia |
| we 1st person plural | pikraininoiō | pikraininoia |
| ye 2nd person plural | pikrainivoiō | pikrainivoia |
| they 3rd person plural | pikrainiloiō | pikrainiloia |
The “to …” form — infinitive, no occurrences
| Who is acting voice | happening now present | will happen future | happened aorist | has happened perfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| the subject acts active voice | pikrainarō | pikrainari | pikrainara | pikrainarē |
| acted on passive voice | pikrainirō | pikrainiri | pikrainira | pikrainirē |
Used as an adjective — participle, no occurrences
| Who is acting voice | happening now present | will happen future | happened aorist | has happened perfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| the subject acts active voice | pikrainarōtos | pikrainaritos | pikrainaratos | pikrainarētos |
| acted on passive voice | pikrainirōtos | pikrainiritos | pikrainiratos | pikrainirētos |
Each is given in the form it takes as a subject. From there a participle carries the ordinary noun endings, in every case, number and gender — so these four columns are the whole of what the verb contributes.
How every form is built — the slots that make them
pikrain is this word in every one of its forms. The slots after it make all the rest.
same in every form varies — every value shown
Where it appears
4 occurrences, every one of them listed
pikrainati“make … bitter”will happen · he/she/itfuture active indicative 3rd person singular1×
Revelation 10:9“make … bitter”kai aperchama pros ton angelon legarōtos auto dōara mi tem biblaridiem. kai legatō mi; Lambasar kai katesthiasar autem, kai pikrainati su tan koilian, alla en te stome su eti glukuem hōs meliem.And I went to the angel and said, “Give me the small scroll.” “Take it and eat it,” he said. “It will make your stomach bitter, but in your mouth it will be as sweet as honey.”
pikrainita“made bitter”happened · he/she/itaorist passive indicative 3rd person singular1×
Revelation 10:10“made bitter”kai lambama tem biblaridiem ek tau cheirau tou angelou kai katesthiama autem, kai ate en te stome mu hōs meliem glukuem; kai hote esthiama autem, pikrainita tas koilias mu.So I took the small scroll from the angel’s hand and ate it, and it was as sweet as honey in my mouth. But when I had eaten it, my stomach turned bitter.
pikrainila“made bitter”happened · theyaorist passive indicative 3rd person plural1×
Revelation 8:11“made bitter”kai tem onomem tou astērou legitō; tos Apsinthos. kai gineta tem tritem teiu hudōreiu eis apsinthan, kai pollois toiu anthrōpoiu apothnēskala ek teiu hudōreiu, hoti pikrainila.The name of the star is Wormwood. A third of the waters turned bitter like wormwood oil, and many people died from the bitter waters.
pikrainivōr“embittered”happening now · yepresent passive imperative 2nd person plural1×
Colossians 3:19“embittered”toir anēroir, agapavōr tain gunaikain kai mē pikrainivōr pros autain.Husbands, love your wives and do not be harsh with them.