verb
pōromō
Strong’sG4456
I harden, render callous
stem pōr-5 times in the New Testamentin 4 of 27 books5 forms occur
What it means
What the word means, in the words of the lexicons out of copyright — Abbott-Smith, Strong's, and Liddell-Scott-Jones, wherever each has an entry for it.
πωρόω, -ῶ
(< πῶρος, 1. a stone. 2. a callus), [in LXX: Jb 17:7 B (כּהה), Pr 10:20 A*;]
G. Abbott-Smith, A Manual Greek Lexicon of the New Testament, 1922 — public domain. References open in the reader.
Strong’s G4456 — the 1890 definition, and where the word comes from
Saidpo-ro'-o
to petrify, i.e. (figuratively) to indurate (render stupid or callous)
Fromapparently from πῶρος (a kind of stone);
King Jamesblind, harden.
James Strong, Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible, 1890 — public domain. The numbers in it link to the entries here.
Liddell-Scott-Jones — the classical dictionary this word appears in
(from {πῶρος}) petrify, λίθος πεπωρωμένος Refs 2nd c.AD+
II cause a stone or callus to form:—passive, of a stone forming in the bladder, Refs 5th c.BC+
II.2 unite fractured bones by a callus, Refs 1st c.AD+:—passive, become hard, Refs 4th c.BC+; become thickened, coagulated, Refs 5th c.BC+
III in passive, become insensible, of the flesh, ὑπὸ τῆς πεπωρωμένης ἐκ τοῦ στέατος σαρκός Refs 3rd c.BC+: metaphorically, become insensible, obtuse, or blind, of the heart, LXX+NT
H. G. Liddell, R. Scott, H. S. Jones, A Greek-English Lexicon (9th ed., 1925–1940) — digitised by the Perseus Digital Library and corrected and expanded by Tyndale House, Cambridge, via STEPBible-Data's TFLSJ table, CC BY 4.0. Covers all of Greek literature, not just the Bible.
Translated as
Every occurrence, sorted by the English it was actually given — the evidence for what the word means, not a gloss of it.
Berean Standard Bible (BSB), dedicated to the public domain — berean.bible.
Biblang forms
What the New Testament actually uses, first — the whole system this verb is built from is one click further down.
| Form and the Greek behind it | What it is | Usually | Times |
|---|---|---|---|
| pōrataἐπώρωσεν | happened · he/she/itaorist active indicative 3rd person singular | hardened | 1× |
| pōritaἐπωρώθη | happened · he/she/itaorist passive indicative 3rd person singular | hardened | 1× |
| pōrilaἐπωρώθησαν | happened · theyaorist passive indicative 3rd person plural | hardened | 1× |
| pōrorēntasπεπωρωμένη | has happened · subjectperfect middle or passive participle nominative singular feminine | hardened | 1× |
| pōrorēntanπεπωρωμένην | has happened · objectperfect middle or passive participle accusative singular feminine | hardened | 1× |
Every form the New Testament uses, in paradigm order. What the system can build beyond them — the whole of this verb, whether the text happens to use it or not — is in the tables below.
Every form the system can build — all 172, by mood, including the ones the New Testament never uses
Statements — indicative mood, 3 occurrences
the subject acts active voice
| Who person | happening now present | was happening imperfect | will happen future | happened aorist | has happened perfect | had happened pluperfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I 1st person singular | pōramō | pōrame | pōrami | pōrama | pōramē | pōramelē |
| you 2nd person singular | pōrasō | pōrase | pōrasi | pōrasa | pōrasē | pōraselē |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | pōratō | pōrate | pōrati | pōrata1×ἐπώρωσεν | pōratē | pōratelē |
| we 1st person plural | pōranō | pōrane | pōrani | pōrana | pōranē | pōranelē |
| ye 2nd person plural | pōravō | pōrave | pōravi | pōrava | pōravē | pōravelē |
| they 3rd person plural | pōralō | pōrale | pōrali | pōrala | pōralē | pōralelē |
acts on itself, or is acted on middle or passive voice
| Who person | happening now present | was happening imperfect | has happened perfect | had happened pluperfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| I 1st person singular | pōromō | pōrome | pōromē | pōromelē |
| you 2nd person singular | pōrosō | pōrose | pōrosē | pōroselē |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | pōrotō | pōrote | pōrotē | pōrotelē |
| we 1st person plural | pōronō | pōrone | pōronē | pōronelē |
| ye 2nd person plural | pōrovō | pōrove | pōrovē | pōrovelē |
| they 3rd person plural | pōrolō | pōrole | pōrolē | pōrolelē |
acted on passive voice
| Who person | will happen future | happened aorist |
|---|---|---|
| I 1st person singular | pōrimi | pōrima |
| you 2nd person singular | pōrisi | pōrisa |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | pōriti | pōrita1×ἐπωρώθη |
| we 1st person plural | pōrini | pōrina |
| ye 2nd person plural | pōrivi | pōriva |
| they 3rd person plural | pōrili | pōrila1×ἐπωρώθησαν |
May, might — subjunctive mood, no occurrences
the subject acts active voice
| Who person | happening now present | happened aorist | has happened perfect |
|---|---|---|---|
| I 1st person singular | pōrameiō | pōrameia | pōrameiē |
| you 2nd person singular | pōraseiō | pōraseia | pōraseiē |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | pōrateiō | pōrateia | pōrateiē |
| we 1st person plural | pōraneiō | pōraneia | pōraneiē |
| ye 2nd person plural | pōraveiō | pōraveia | pōraveiē |
| they 3rd person plural | pōraleiō | pōraleia | pōraleiē |
acts on itself, or is acted on middle or passive voice
| Who person | happening now present | has happened perfect |
|---|---|---|
| I 1st person singular | pōromeiō | pōromeiē |
| you 2nd person singular | pōroseiō | pōroseiē |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | pōroteiō | pōroteiē |
| we 1st person plural | pōroneiō | pōroneiē |
| ye 2nd person plural | pōroveiō | pōroveiē |
| they 3rd person plural | pōroleiō | pōroleiē |
acted on passive voice
| Who person | happened aorist |
|---|---|
| I 1st person singular | pōrimeia |
| you 2nd person singular | pōriseia |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | pōriteia |
| we 1st person plural | pōrineia |
| ye 2nd person plural | pōriveia |
| they 3rd person plural | pōrileia |
Commands — imperative mood, no occurrences
the subject acts active voice
| Who person | happening now present | happened aorist | has happened perfect |
|---|---|---|---|
| you 2nd person singular | pōrasōr | pōrasar | pōrasēr |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | pōratōr | pōratar | pōratēr |
| ye 2nd person plural | pōravōr | pōravar | pōravēr |
| they 3rd person plural | pōralōr | pōralar | pōralēr |
acts on itself, or is acted on middle or passive voice
| Who person | happening now present | has happened perfect |
|---|---|---|
| you 2nd person singular | pōrosōr | pōrosēr |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | pōrotōr | pōrotēr |
| ye 2nd person plural | pōrovōr | pōrovēr |
| they 3rd person plural | pōrolōr | pōrolēr |
acted on passive voice
| Who person | happened aorist |
|---|---|
| you 2nd person singular | pōrisar |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | pōritar |
| ye 2nd person plural | pōrivar |
| they 3rd person plural | pōrilar |
Wishes — optative mood, no occurrences
the subject acts active voice
| Who person | happening now present | happened aorist |
|---|---|---|
| I 1st person singular | pōramoiō | pōramoia |
| you 2nd person singular | pōrasoiō | pōrasoia |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | pōratoiō | pōratoia |
| we 1st person plural | pōranoiō | pōranoia |
| ye 2nd person plural | pōravoiō | pōravoia |
| they 3rd person plural | pōraloiō | pōraloia |
acts on itself, or is acted on middle or passive voice
| Who person | happening now present |
|---|---|
| I 1st person singular | pōromoiō |
| you 2nd person singular | pōrosoiō |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | pōrotoiō |
| we 1st person plural | pōronoiō |
| ye 2nd person plural | pōrovoiō |
| they 3rd person plural | pōroloiō |
acted on passive voice
| Who person | happened aorist |
|---|---|
| I 1st person singular | pōrimoia |
| you 2nd person singular | pōrisoia |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | pōritoia |
| we 1st person plural | pōrinoia |
| ye 2nd person plural | pōrivoia |
| they 3rd person plural | pōriloia |
The “to …” form — infinitive, no occurrences
| Who is acting voice | happening now present | will happen future | happened aorist | has happened perfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| the subject acts active voice | pōrarō | pōrari | pōrara | pōrarē |
| acts on itself, or is acted on middle or passive voice | pōrorō | pōrorē | ||
| acted on passive voice | pōriri | pōrira |
Used as an adjective — participle, 2 occurrences
| Who is acting voice | happening now present | will happen future | happened aorist | has happened perfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| the subject acts active voice | pōrarōntos | pōrarintos | pōrarantos | pōrarēntos |
| acts on itself, or is acted on middle or passive voice | pōrorōntos | pōrorēntos2× | ||
| acted on passive voice | pōririntos | pōrirantos |
Each is given in the form it takes as a subject. From there a participle carries the ordinary noun endings, in every case, number and gender — so these four columns are the whole of what the verb contributes.
How every form is built — the slots that make them
pōr is this word in every one of its forms. The slots after it make all the rest.
same in every form varies — every value shown
Where it appears
Every verse the word appears in, filed under the form it takes there.
5 occurrences, every one of them listed
pōrata“hardened”happened · he/she/itaorist active indicative 3rd person singular1×
John 12:40Tuflatē autoiu toin ofthalmoin kai pōrata autoiu tan kardian, hina mē horaleia …“He has blinded their eyes and hardened their hearts, so that they cannot …
pōrita“hardened”happened · he/she/itaorist passive indicative 3rd person singular1×
2 Corinthians 3:14“hardened”alla pōrita teim noēmeim autoiu. achri gar tau …But their minds were closed. For to this day the same veil remains at the reading of …
pōrila“hardened”happened · theyaorist passive indicative 3rd person plural1×
Romans 11:7… de eklogas epitunchanata; tois de loipois pōrila,… the elect did. The others were hardened,
pōrorēntas“hardened”has happened · subjectperfect middle or passive participle nominative singular feminine1×
Mark 6:52… artoi, alla ate autoiu tas kardias pōrorēntas.… loaves, but their hearts had been hardened.
pōrorēntan“hardened”has happened · objectperfect middle or passive participle accusative singular feminine1×
Mark 8:17“hardened”… ouk echavō? oupō noavō oude suniēkavō? pōrorēntan echavō tan kardian vu?… them, “Why are you debating about having no bread? Do you still not see or understand? Do you have such hard hearts?