verb
pōrimō
Greekπωρόω (pōroō)
Strong’sG4456
I harden, render callous
stem pōr-5 times in the New Testamentin 4 of 27 books5 forms occur
Translated as
What it means
πωρόω, -ῶ
(< πῶρος, 1. a stone. 2. a callus), [in LXX: Jb 17:7 B (כּהה), Pr 10:20 A*;]
G. Abbott-Smith, A Manual Greek Lexicon of the New Testament, 1922 — public domain. References open in the reader.
Strong’s G4456 — the 1890 definition, and where the word comes from
Saidpo-ro'-o
to petrify, i.e. (figuratively) to indurate (render stupid or callous)
Fromapparently from πῶρος (a kind of stone);
King Jamesblind, harden.
James Strong, Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible, 1890 — public domain. The numbers in it link to the entries here.
Forms in the New Testament
| Form and the Greek behind it | What it is | Usually | Times |
|---|---|---|---|
| pōrataἐπώρωσεν | happened · he/she/itaorist active indicative 3rd person singular | hardened | 1× |
| pōritaἐπωρώθη | happened · he/she/itaorist passive indicative 3rd person singular | hardened | 1× |
| pōrilaἐπωρώθησαν | happened · theyaorist passive indicative 3rd person plural | hardened | 1× |
| pōrirētasπεπωρωμένη | has happened · subjectperfect passive participle nominative singular feminine | hardened | 1× |
| pōrirētanπεπωρωμένην | has happened · objectperfect passive participle accusative singular feminine | hardened | 1× |
Every form the New Testament uses, in paradigm order. What the system can build beyond them — the whole of this verb, whether the text happens to use it or not — is in the tables below.
Every form the system can build — all 172, by mood, including the ones the New Testament never uses
Statements — indicative mood, 3 occurrences
the subject acts active voice
| Who person | happening now present | was happening imperfect | will happen future | happened aorist | has happened perfect | had happened pluperfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I 1st person singular | pōramō | pōrame | pōrami | pōrama | pōramē | pōramelē |
| you 2nd person singular | pōrasō | pōrase | pōrasi | pōrasa | pōrasē | pōraselē |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | pōratō | pōrate | pōrati | pōrata1×ἐπώρωσεν | pōratē | pōratelē |
| we 1st person plural | pōranō | pōrane | pōrani | pōrana | pōranē | pōranelē |
| ye 2nd person plural | pōravō | pōrave | pōravi | pōrava | pōravē | pōravelē |
| they 3rd person plural | pōralō | pōrale | pōrali | pōrala | pōralē | pōralelē |
acted on passive voice
| Who person | happening now present | was happening imperfect | will happen future | happened aorist | has happened perfect | had happened pluperfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I 1st person singular | pōrimō | pōrime | pōrimi | pōrima | pōrimē | pōrimelē |
| you 2nd person singular | pōrisō | pōrise | pōrisi | pōrisa | pōrisē | pōriselē |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | pōritō | pōrite | pōriti | pōrita1×ἐπωρώθη | pōritē | pōritelē |
| we 1st person plural | pōrinō | pōrine | pōrini | pōrina | pōrinē | pōrinelē |
| ye 2nd person plural | pōrivō | pōrive | pōrivi | pōriva | pōrivē | pōrivelē |
| they 3rd person plural | pōrilō | pōrile | pōrili | pōrila1×ἐπωρώθησαν | pōrilē | pōrilelē |
May, might — subjunctive mood, no occurrences
the subject acts active voice
| Who person | happening now present | happened aorist | has happened perfect |
|---|---|---|---|
| I 1st person singular | pōrameiō | pōrameia | pōrameiē |
| you 2nd person singular | pōraseiō | pōraseia | pōraseiē |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | pōrateiō | pōrateia | pōrateiē |
| we 1st person plural | pōraneiō | pōraneia | pōraneiē |
| ye 2nd person plural | pōraveiō | pōraveia | pōraveiē |
| they 3rd person plural | pōraleiō | pōraleia | pōraleiē |
acted on passive voice
| Who person | happening now present | happened aorist | has happened perfect |
|---|---|---|---|
| I 1st person singular | pōrimeiō | pōrimeia | pōrimeiē |
| you 2nd person singular | pōriseiō | pōriseia | pōriseiē |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | pōriteiō | pōriteia | pōriteiē |
| we 1st person plural | pōrineiō | pōrineia | pōrineiē |
| ye 2nd person plural | pōriveiō | pōriveia | pōriveiē |
| they 3rd person plural | pōrileiō | pōrileia | pōrileiē |
Commands — imperative mood, no occurrences
the subject acts active voice
| Who person | happening now present | happened aorist | has happened perfect |
|---|---|---|---|
| you 2nd person singular | pōrasōr | pōrasar | pōrasēr |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | pōratōr | pōratar | pōratēr |
| ye 2nd person plural | pōravōr | pōravar | pōravēr |
| they 3rd person plural | pōralōr | pōralar | pōralēr |
acted on passive voice
| Who person | happening now present | happened aorist | has happened perfect |
|---|---|---|---|
| you 2nd person singular | pōrisōr | pōrisar | pōrisēr |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | pōritōr | pōritar | pōritēr |
| ye 2nd person plural | pōrivōr | pōrivar | pōrivēr |
| they 3rd person plural | pōrilōr | pōrilar | pōrilēr |
Wishes — optative mood, no occurrences
the subject acts active voice
| Who person | happening now present | happened aorist |
|---|---|---|
| I 1st person singular | pōramoiō | pōramoia |
| you 2nd person singular | pōrasoiō | pōrasoia |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | pōratoiō | pōratoia |
| we 1st person plural | pōranoiō | pōranoia |
| ye 2nd person plural | pōravoiō | pōravoia |
| they 3rd person plural | pōraloiō | pōraloia |
acted on passive voice
| Who person | happening now present | happened aorist |
|---|---|---|
| I 1st person singular | pōrimoiō | pōrimoia |
| you 2nd person singular | pōrisoiō | pōrisoia |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | pōritoiō | pōritoia |
| we 1st person plural | pōrinoiō | pōrinoia |
| ye 2nd person plural | pōrivoiō | pōrivoia |
| they 3rd person plural | pōriloiō | pōriloia |
The “to …” form — infinitive, no occurrences
| Who is acting voice | happening now present | will happen future | happened aorist | has happened perfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| the subject acts active voice | pōrarō | pōrari | pōrara | pōrarē |
| acted on passive voice | pōrirō | pōriri | pōrira | pōrirē |
Used as an adjective — participle, 2 occurrences
| Who is acting voice | happening now present | will happen future | happened aorist | has happened perfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| the subject acts active voice | pōrarōtos | pōraritos | pōraratos | pōrarētos |
| acted on passive voice | pōrirōtos | pōriritos | pōriratos | pōrirētos2× |
Each is given in the form it takes as a subject. From there a participle carries the ordinary noun endings, in every case, number and gender — so these four columns are the whole of what the verb contributes.
How every form is built — the slots that make them
pōr is this word in every one of its forms. The slots after it make all the rest.
same in every form varies — every value shown
Where it appears
5 occurrences, every one of them listed
pōrata“hardened”happened · he/she/itaorist active indicative 3rd person singular1×
John 12:40“hardened”Tuflatē autoiu toin ofthalmoin kai pōrata autoiu tan kardian, hina mē horaleia toi ofthalmoi kai noaleia ta kardia kai strefileia, kai iemi autoin.“He has blinded their eyes and hardened their hearts, so that they cannot see with their eyes, and understand with their hearts, and turn, and I would heal them.”
pōrita“hardened”happened · he/she/itaorist passive indicative 3rd person singular1×
2 Corinthians 3:14“hardened”alla pōrita teim noēmeim autoiu. achri gar tau sēmeron hēmerau tem autem kalummem epi ta anagnōsia tau palaiau diathēkau menatō mē anakaluptirōtem, hoti en Christo katargitō,But their minds were closed. For to this day the same veil remains at the reading of the old covenant. It has not been lifted, because only in Christ can it be removed.
pōrila“hardened”happened · theyaorist passive indicative 3rd person plural1×
Romans 11:7“hardened”tinem oun? hem epizētatō Israēl, houtem ouk epitunchanata, tas de eklogas epitunchanata; tois de loipois pōrila,What then? What Israel was seeking, it failed to obtain, but the elect did. The others were hardened,
pōrirētas“hardened”has happened · subjectperfect passive participle nominative singular feminine1×
Mark 6:52“hardened”ouk gar suniēkala epi toi artoi, alla ate autoiu tas kardias pōrirētas.for they had not understood about the loaves, but their hearts had been hardened.
pōrirētan“hardened”has happened · objectperfect passive participle accusative singular feminine1×
Mark 8:17“hardened”kai gnōskaratos legatō autoi; Tinem dialogizevō hoti artoin ouk echavō? oupō noavō oude suniēkavō? pōrirētan echavō tan kardian vu?Aware of their conversation, Jesus asked them, “Why are you debating about having no bread? Do you still not see or understand? Do you have such hard hearts?