verb
lupomō
Strong’sG3076
I pain, grieve, vex
stem lup-26 times in the New Testamentin 8 of 27 books18 forms occur
What it means
A plain-English reading of the word, with the lexicons it draws on — Abbott-Smith, Strong's, and Liddell-Scott-Jones — right below it, in full.
AI Summary
λυπέω means to cause pain or grief, to distress or vex someone, and in the passive voice to be grieved, sad, or sorrowful 1234. It is used of causing someone else distress, as well as of a person being made sad or sorrowful themselves 12. It stands as the opposite of rejoicing, and can describe grief felt in accordance with God's will as distinct from ordinary sorrow 1. It can also describe grieving the Holy Spirit 1.
Sources: 1 Abbott-Smith 2 Strong's 3 LSJ 4 Dodson. Condensed by anthropic/claude-sonnet-5 on 2026-09-23 — it may still misstate what these say; check them yourself if it matters to you.
The lexicons it was drawn from, in full:
Abbott-Smith — the 1922 lexicon entry, in full
λυπέω, -ῶ
(< λύπη), [in LXX for חרה, etc.;]
SYN.: v.s. θρηνέω.
G. Abbott-Smith, A Manual Greek Lexicon of the New Testament, 1922 — public domain. References open in the reader.
Strong’s G3076 — the 1890 definition, and where the word comes from
Saidloo-peh'-o
to distress; reflexively or passively, to be sad
Fromfrom G3077;
King Jamescause grief, grieve, be in heaviness, (be) sorrow(-ful), be (make) sorry.
James Strong, Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible, 1890 — public domain. The numbers in it link to the entries here.
Liddell-Scott-Jones — the classical dictionary this word appears in
(λύπη) grieve, vex, whether in body or mind, τινα Refs 8th c.BC+; opposed to εὐφραίνειν, Refs 5th c.BC+; [ὁ θώραξ] λυπεῖ distresses by its weight, Refs 5th c.BC+: c.neuter adjective, λυπεῖν μηδὲν αὑτόν Refs 5th c.BC+: with participle, ἐλύπει αὐτὸν ἡ χώρα πορθουμένη Refs 5th c.BC+; οὐδὲν ἐλύπησεν [αὐτό], ὥστε μή.. does no harm.., Refs 5th c.BC+; οὐδένα λυπήσας or -ασα, as formula in epitaphs, Refs
2 absolutely, cause pain or grief, ἄγαν γε λυπεῖς Refs 5th c.BC+
3 in historical writers, of cavalry and light troops, harass, annoy an army by constant attacks, Refs 5th c.BC+
II passive with future middle Refs 5th c.BC+, to be grieved, distressed, λυπεῖσθαι φρένα Refs 6th c.BC+; μήτε λυπέο μήτε.. be not distressed, Refs 5th c.BC+: also with accusative of things, grieve about a thing, Refs 5th c.BC+: with participle, λυπῇ.. ἐστερημένη Refs 5th c.BC+: absolutely, feel pain, Refs 5th c.BC+
H. G. Liddell, R. Scott, H. S. Jones, A Greek-English Lexicon (9th ed., 1925–1940) — digitised by the Perseus Digital Library and corrected and expanded by Tyndale House, Cambridge, via STEPBible-Data's TFLSJ table, CC BY 4.0. Covers all of Greek literature, not just the Bible.
Translated as
Every occurrence, sorted by the English it was actually given — the evidence for what the word means, not a gloss of it.
Berean Standard Bible (BSB), dedicated to the public domain — berean.bible.
Biblang forms
What the New Testament actually uses, first — the whole system this verb is built from is one click further down.
| Form and the Greek behind it | What it is | Usually | Times |
|---|---|---|---|
| lupamōλυπῶ | happening now · Ipresent active indicative 1st person singular | cause … pain | 1× |
| lupotōλυπεῖται | happening now · he/she/itpresent middle or passive indicative 3rd person singular | grieved | 1× |
| lupiviλυπηθήσεσθε | will happen · yefuture passive indicative 2nd person plural | become sorrowful | 1× |
| lupamaἐλύπησα | happened · Iaorist active indicative 1st person singular | grieved | 1× |
| lupataἐλύπησεν | happened · he/she/itaorist active indicative 3rd person singular | grieved | 1× |
| lupitaἐλυπήθη | happened · he/she/itaorist passive indicative 3rd person singular | grieved | 1× |
| lupivaἐλυπήθητε | happened · yeaorist passive indicative 2nd person plural | grieved | 3× |
| lupilaἐλυπήθησαν | happened · theyaorist passive indicative 3rd person plural | distressed | 2× |
| lupatēλελύπηκεν | has happened · he/she/itperfect active indicative 3rd person singular | grieved | 2× |
| lupoveiōλυπῆσθε | happening now · yepresent middle or passive subjunctive 2nd person plural | grieve | 1× |
| lupiveiaλυπηθῆτε | happened · yeaorist passive subjunctive 2nd person plural | cause … pain | 1× |
| lupavōrλυπεῖτε | happening now · yepresent active imperative 2nd person plural | grieve | 1× |
| luporōλυπεῖσθαι | happening now · the “to …” formpresent middle or passive infinitive | sorrowful | 2× |
| lupiraλυπηθῆναι | happened · the “to …” formaorist passive infinitive | sorrow | 1× |
| luporōntosλυπούμενος | happening now · subjectpresent middle or passive participle nominative singular masculine | sorrowful | 3× |
| luporōntoisλυπούμενοι | happening now · subjectpresent middle or passive participle nominative plural masculine | sorrowful | 2× |
| lupirantosλυπηθεὶς | happened · subjectaorist passive participle nominative singular masculine | distressed | 1× |
| lupirantoisλυπηθέντες | happened · subjectaorist passive participle nominative plural masculine | having been grieved | 1× |
Every form the New Testament uses, in paradigm order. What the system can build beyond them — the whole of this verb, whether the text happens to use it or not — is in the tables below.
Every form the system can build — all 172, by mood, including the ones the New Testament never uses
Statements — indicative mood, 13 occurrences
the subject acts active voice
| Who person | happening now present | was happening imperfect | will happen future | happened aorist | has happened perfect | had happened pluperfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I 1st person singular | lupamō1×λυπῶ | lupame | lupami | lupama1×ἐλύπησα | lupamē | lupamelē |
| you 2nd person singular | lupasō | lupase | lupasi | lupasa | lupasē | lupaselē |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | lupatō | lupate | lupati | lupata1×ἐλύπησεν | lupatē2×λελύπηκεν | lupatelē |
| we 1st person plural | lupanō | lupane | lupani | lupana | lupanē | lupanelē |
| ye 2nd person plural | lupavō | lupave | lupavi | lupava | lupavē | lupavelē |
| they 3rd person plural | lupalō | lupale | lupali | lupala | lupalē | lupalelē |
acts on itself, or is acted on middle or passive voice
| Who person | happening now present | was happening imperfect | has happened perfect | had happened pluperfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| I 1st person singular | lupomō | lupome | lupomē | lupomelē |
| you 2nd person singular | luposō | lupose | luposē | luposelē |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | lupotō1×λυπεῖται | lupote | lupotē | lupotelē |
| we 1st person plural | luponō | lupone | luponē | luponelē |
| ye 2nd person plural | lupovō | lupove | lupovē | lupovelē |
| they 3rd person plural | lupolō | lupole | lupolē | lupolelē |
acted on passive voice
| Who person | will happen future | happened aorist |
|---|---|---|
| I 1st person singular | lupimi | lupima |
| you 2nd person singular | lupisi | lupisa |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | lupiti | lupita1×ἐλυπήθη |
| we 1st person plural | lupini | lupina |
| ye 2nd person plural | lupivi1×λυπηθήσεσθε | lupiva3×ἐλυπήθητε |
| they 3rd person plural | lupili | lupila2×ἐλυπήθησαν |
May, might — subjunctive mood, 2 occurrences
the subject acts active voice
| Who person | happening now present | happened aorist | has happened perfect |
|---|---|---|---|
| I 1st person singular | lupameiō | lupameia | lupameiē |
| you 2nd person singular | lupaseiō | lupaseia | lupaseiē |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | lupateiō | lupateia | lupateiē |
| we 1st person plural | lupaneiō | lupaneia | lupaneiē |
| ye 2nd person plural | lupaveiō | lupaveia | lupaveiē |
| they 3rd person plural | lupaleiō | lupaleia | lupaleiē |
acts on itself, or is acted on middle or passive voice
| Who person | happening now present | has happened perfect |
|---|---|---|
| I 1st person singular | lupomeiō | lupomeiē |
| you 2nd person singular | luposeiō | luposeiē |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | lupoteiō | lupoteiē |
| we 1st person plural | luponeiō | luponeiē |
| ye 2nd person plural | lupoveiō1×λυπῆσθε | lupoveiē |
| they 3rd person plural | lupoleiō | lupoleiē |
acted on passive voice
| Who person | happened aorist |
|---|---|
| I 1st person singular | lupimeia |
| you 2nd person singular | lupiseia |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | lupiteia |
| we 1st person plural | lupineia |
| ye 2nd person plural | lupiveia1×λυπηθῆτε |
| they 3rd person plural | lupileia |
Commands — imperative mood, 1 occurrence
the subject acts active voice
| Who person | happening now present | happened aorist | has happened perfect |
|---|---|---|---|
| you 2nd person singular | lupasōr | lupasar | lupasēr |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | lupatōr | lupatar | lupatēr |
| ye 2nd person plural | lupavōr1×λυπεῖτε | lupavar | lupavēr |
| they 3rd person plural | lupalōr | lupalar | lupalēr |
acts on itself, or is acted on middle or passive voice
| Who person | happening now present | has happened perfect |
|---|---|---|
| you 2nd person singular | luposōr | luposēr |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | lupotōr | lupotēr |
| ye 2nd person plural | lupovōr | lupovēr |
| they 3rd person plural | lupolōr | lupolēr |
acted on passive voice
| Who person | happened aorist |
|---|---|
| you 2nd person singular | lupisar |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | lupitar |
| ye 2nd person plural | lupivar |
| they 3rd person plural | lupilar |
Wishes — optative mood, no occurrences
the subject acts active voice
| Who person | happening now present | happened aorist |
|---|---|---|
| I 1st person singular | lupamoiō | lupamoia |
| you 2nd person singular | lupasoiō | lupasoia |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | lupatoiō | lupatoia |
| we 1st person plural | lupanoiō | lupanoia |
| ye 2nd person plural | lupavoiō | lupavoia |
| they 3rd person plural | lupaloiō | lupaloia |
acts on itself, or is acted on middle or passive voice
| Who person | happening now present |
|---|---|
| I 1st person singular | lupomoiō |
| you 2nd person singular | luposoiō |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | lupotoiō |
| we 1st person plural | luponoiō |
| ye 2nd person plural | lupovoiō |
| they 3rd person plural | lupoloiō |
acted on passive voice
| Who person | happened aorist |
|---|---|
| I 1st person singular | lupimoia |
| you 2nd person singular | lupisoia |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | lupitoia |
| we 1st person plural | lupinoia |
| ye 2nd person plural | lupivoia |
| they 3rd person plural | lupiloia |
The “to …” form — infinitive, 3 occurrences
| Who is acting voice | happening now present | will happen future | happened aorist | has happened perfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| the subject acts active voice | luparō | lupari | lupara | luparē |
| acts on itself, or is acted on middle or passive voice | luporō2×λυπεῖσθαι | luporē | ||
| acted on passive voice | lupiri | lupira1×λυπηθῆναι |
Used as an adjective — participle, 7 occurrences
| Who is acting voice | happening now present | will happen future | happened aorist | has happened perfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| the subject acts active voice | luparōntos | luparintos | luparantos | luparēntos |
| acts on itself, or is acted on middle or passive voice | luporōntos5×λυπούμενος | luporēntos | ||
| acted on passive voice | lupirintos | lupirantos2×λυπηθεὶς |
Each is given in the form it takes as a subject. From there a participle carries the ordinary noun endings, in every case, number and gender — so these four columns are the whole of what the verb contributes.
How every form is built — the slots that make them
lup is this word in every one of its forms. The slots after it make all the rest.
same in every form varies — every value shown
Words built on the same stem
Other words sharing the exact same stem — not merely related in meaning.
Where it appears
Every verse the word appears in, filed under the form it takes there.
26 occurrences, every one of them listed
lupamō“cause … pain”happening now · Ipresent active indicative 1st person singular1×
2 Corinthians 2:2“cause … pain”ei gar mis lupamō vin, kai tinos tos eufranarōntos min …For if I grieve you, who is left to cheer me but those …
lupotō“grieved”happening now · he/she/itpresent middle or passive indicative 3rd person singular1×
Romans 14:15“grieved”… gar dia brōmem tos adelfos su lupotō, ouketi kata agapan peripatasō. mē te …If your brother is distressed by what you eat, you are no longer acting in love. Do not by your …
lupivi“become sorrowful”will happen · yefuture passive indicative 2nd person plural1×
John 16:20“become sorrowful”… vis, tos de kosmos chairiti; vis lupivi, alla tas lupas vu eis charan …… tell you, you will weep and wail while the world rejoices. You will grieve, but your grief will turn to joy.
lupama“grieved”happened · Iaorist active indicative 1st person singular1×
2 Corinthians 7:8“grieved”hoti ei kai lupama vin en ta epistola, ouk metamelomō; …Even if I caused you sorrow by my letter, I do not regret it. Although I did regret it— for I see …
lupata“grieved”happened · he/she/itaorist active indicative 3rd person singular1×
2 Corinthians 7:8“grieved”… epistolas ekeinas ei kai pros hōran lupata vin,… I see that my letter caused you sorrow, but only for a short …
lupita“grieved”happened · he/she/itaorist passive indicative 3rd person singular1×
John 21:17“grieved”… tem tritem; Simōnor Iōannou, filasō min? lupita tos Petros hoti legata auto tem …… asked a third time, “Simon son of John, do you love Me?” Peter was deeply hurt that Jesus had asked him a third time, “Do you love Me?” “Lord, You know all things,” he replied. “You know I love You.” Jesus said to him, “Feed My …
lupiva“grieved”happened · yeaorist passive indicative 2nd person plural3×
2 Corinthians 7:9“grieved”nun chairamō, ouk hoti lupiva, alla hoti lupiva eis metanoian, lupiva …yet now I rejoice, not because you were made sorrowful, but because your sorrow led you to repentance. For you …
2 Corinthians 7:9“grieved”… chairamō, ouk hoti lupiva, alla hoti lupiva eis metanoian, lupiva gar kata theon, …… now I rejoice, not because you were made sorrowful, but because your sorrow led you to repentance. For you felt the sorrow that God had intended …
2 Corinthians 7:9“felt a … grief”… lupiva, alla hoti lupiva eis metanoian, lupiva gar kata theon, hina en mēdene …… made sorrowful, but because your sorrow led you to repentance. For you felt the sorrow that God had intended, and so were not harmed in any way …
lupila“distressed”happened · theyaorist passive indicative 3rd person plural2×
Matthew 17:23“distressed”… kai ta trita hēmera egeriti. kai lupila sfodra.… and on the third day He will be raised to life.” And the disciples were deeply grieved.
Matthew 18:31… oun tois sundoulois autou teim generanteim lupila sfodra, kai ercharantois diasafala to kurio …… what had happened, they were greatly distressed, and they went and recounted all …
lupatē“grieved”has happened · he/she/itperfect active indicative 3rd person singular2×
2 Corinthians 2:5“caused pain”Ei de tinos lupatē, ouk min lupatē, alla apo mereu …Now if anyone has caused grief, he has not grieved me but all of …
2 Corinthians 2:5Ei de tinos lupatē, ouk min lupatē, alla apo mereu hina mē epibarameiō …… has caused grief, he has not grieved me but all of you — to …
lupoveiō“grieve”happening now · yepresent middle or passive subjunctive 2nd person plural1×
1 Thessalonians 4:13… adelfoir, peri toiu koimorōntoiu, hina mē lupoveiō kathōs kai tois loipois tois mē …… death, so that you will not grieve like the rest, who are without …
lupiveia“cause … pain”happened · yeaorist passive subjunctive 2nd person plural1×
2 Corinthians 2:4“cause … pain”… vi dia polleiu dakrueiu, ouk hina lupiveia, alla tan agapan hina gnōskaveia han …For through many tears I wrote you out of great distress and anguish of heart, not to grieve you but to let you know how much I love you.
lupavōr“grieve”happening now · yepresent active imperative 2nd person plural1×
Ephesians 4:30kai mē lupavōr tem pneumem tem hagiem tou theou, …And do not grieve the Holy Spirit of God, in …
luporō“sorrowful”happening now · the “to …” formpresent middle or passive infinitive2×
Matthew 26:37… kai toin duo huioin Zebedaiou archeta luporō kai adēmonarō.… of Zebedee and began to be sorrowful and deeply distressed.
Mark 14:19“distressed”archela luporō kai legarō auto henos kata henos; …They began to be grieved and to ask Him one after another …
lupira“sorrow”happened · the “to …” formaorist passive infinitive1×
2 Corinthians 7:11… gar autem houtem tem kata theon lupira posan katergazeta vi spoudan, alla apologian, …Consider what this godly sorrow has produced in you: what earnestness …
luporōntos“sorrowful”happening now · subjectpresent middle or passive participle nominative singular masculine3×
Matthew 19:22“sorrowful”… de tos neaniskos ton logon aperchata luporōntos, ate gar echarōntos ktēmeim polleim.When the young man heard this, he went away in sorrow, because he had great wealth.
Mark 10:22“sorrowful”… de stugnazarantos epi to logo aperchata luporōntos, ate gar echarōntos ktēmeim polleim.But the man was saddened by these words and went away in sorrow, because he had great wealth.
2 Corinthians 2:2“made sorrowful”… tos eufranarōntos min ei mē tos luporōntos ek mu?… to cheer me but those whom I have grieved?
luporōntois“sorrowful”happening now · subjectpresent middle or passive participle nominative plural masculine2×
Matthew 26:22“distressed”kai luporōntois sfodra archela legarō auto henos hekastos; …… deeply grieved and began to ask Him one after another …
2 Corinthians 6:10hōs luporōntois aei de chairarōntois, hōs ptōchois polloin …sorrowful, yet always rejoicing; poor, yet making …
lupirantos“distressed”happened · subjectaorist passive participle nominative singular masculine1×
Matthew 14:9“distressed”kai lupirantos tos basilevos dia toin horkoin kai …The king was grieved, but because of his oaths and his guests …
lupirantois“having been grieved”happened · subjectaorist passive participle nominative plural masculine1×
1 Peter 1:6“having been grieved”… ho agalliovō, oligem arti ei darōntem lupirantois en poikiloi peirasmoi,In this you greatly rejoice, though now for a little while you may have had to suffer grief in various trials