verb
penthamō
Greekπενθέω (pentheō)
Strong’sG3996
I mourn, lament
stem penth-10 times in the New Testamentin 7 of 27 books8 forms occur
Translated as
What it means
πενθέω, -ῶ,
[in LXX chiefly for אבל;]
SYN.: v.s. θρηνέω.
G. Abbott-Smith, A Manual Greek Lexicon of the New Testament, 1922 — public domain. References open in the reader.
Strong’s G3996 — the 1890 definition, and where the word comes from
Saidpen-theh'-o
to grieve (the feeling or the act)
Fromfrom G3997;
King Jamesmourn, (be-)wail.
James Strong, Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible, 1890 — public domain. The numbers in it link to the entries here.
Forms in the New Testament
| Form and the Greek behind it | What it is | Usually | Times |
|---|---|---|---|
| penthalōπενθοῦσιν | happening now · theypresent active indicative 3rd person plural | mourn | 1× |
| penthaviπενθήσετε | will happen · yefuture active indicative 2nd person plural | mourn | 1× |
| penthavaἐπενθήσατε | happened · yeaorist active indicative 2nd person plural | mourned | 1× |
| penthameiaπενθήσω | happened · Iaorist active subjunctive 1st person singular | mourn | 1× |
| penthavarπενθήσατε | happened · yeaorist active imperative 2nd person plural | mourn | 1× |
| pentharōπενθεῖν | happening now · the “to …” formpresent active infinitive | mourn | 1× |
| pentharōtoisπενθοῦντες | happening now · subjectpresent active participle nominative plural masculine | mourning | 3× |
| pentharōtoiπενθοῦσι | happening now · to, forpresent active participle dative plural masculine | mourning | 1× |
Every form the New Testament uses, in paradigm order. What the system can build beyond them — the whole of this verb, whether the text happens to use it or not — is in the tables below.
Every form the system can build — all 86, by mood, including the ones the New Testament never uses
Statements — indicative mood, 3 occurrences
| Who person | happening now present | was happening imperfect | will happen future | happened aorist | has happened perfect | had happened pluperfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I 1st person singular | penthamō | penthame | penthami | penthama | penthamē | penthamelē |
| you 2nd person singular | penthasō | penthase | penthasi | penthasa | penthasē | penthaselē |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | penthatō | penthate | penthati | penthata | penthatē | penthatelē |
| we 1st person plural | penthanō | penthane | penthani | penthana | penthanē | penthanelē |
| ye 2nd person plural | penthavō | penthave | penthavi1×πενθήσετε | penthava1×ἐπενθήσατε | penthavē | penthavelē |
| they 3rd person plural | penthalō1×πενθοῦσιν | penthale | penthali | penthala | penthalē | penthalelē |
May, might — subjunctive mood, 1 occurrence
| Who person | happening now present | happened aorist | has happened perfect |
|---|---|---|---|
| I 1st person singular | penthameiō | penthameia1×πενθήσω | penthameiē |
| you 2nd person singular | penthaseiō | penthaseia | penthaseiē |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | penthateiō | penthateia | penthateiē |
| we 1st person plural | penthaneiō | penthaneia | penthaneiē |
| ye 2nd person plural | penthaveiō | penthaveia | penthaveiē |
| they 3rd person plural | penthaleiō | penthaleia | penthaleiē |
Commands — imperative mood, 1 occurrence
| Who person | happening now present | happened aorist | has happened perfect |
|---|---|---|---|
| you 2nd person singular | penthasōr | penthasar | penthasēr |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | penthatōr | penthatar | penthatēr |
| ye 2nd person plural | penthavōr | penthavar1×πενθήσατε | penthavēr |
| they 3rd person plural | penthalōr | penthalar | penthalēr |
Wishes — optative mood, no occurrences
| Who person | happening now present | happened aorist |
|---|---|---|
| I 1st person singular | penthamoiō | penthamoia |
| you 2nd person singular | penthasoiō | penthasoia |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | penthatoiō | penthatoia |
| we 1st person plural | penthanoiō | penthanoia |
| ye 2nd person plural | penthavoiō | penthavoia |
| they 3rd person plural | penthaloiō | penthaloia |
The “to …” form — infinitive, 1 occurrence
| Who is acting voice | happening now present | will happen future | happened aorist | has happened perfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| the subject acts active voice | pentharō1×πενθεῖν | penthari | penthara | pentharē |
Used as an adjective — participle, 4 occurrences
| Who is acting voice | happening now present | will happen future | happened aorist | has happened perfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| the subject acts active voice | pentharōtos4× | pentharitos | pentharatos | pentharētos |
Each is given in the form it takes as a subject. From there a participle carries the ordinary noun endings, in every case, number and gender — so these four columns are the whole of what the verb contributes.
How every form is built — the slots that make them
penth is this word in every one of its forms. The slots after it make all the rest.
same in every form varies — every value shown
Words built on the same stem
Where it appears
10 occurrences, every one of them listed
penthalō“mourn”happening now · theypresent active indicative 3rd person plural1×
Revelation 18:11“mourn”Kai tois emporois tau gēau klaialō kai penthalō epi autan, hoti ton gomon autoiu oudenos agorazatō ouketi,And the merchants of the earth will weep and mourn over her, because there is no one left to buy their cargo —
penthavi“mourn”will happen · yefuture active indicative 2nd person plural1×
Luke 6:25“mourn”ouai vi, toir empimplēirētoir nun, hoti peinavi. ouai, toir gelarōtoir nun, hoti penthavi kai klaiavi.Woe to you who are well fed now, for you will hunger. Woe to you who laugh now, for you will mourn and weep.
penthava“mourned”happened · yeaorist active indicative 2nd person plural1×
1 Corinthians 5:2“mourned”kai vis fusiirētois avō, kai ouchi mallon penthava, hina airiteia ek meseu vu tos tem ergem houtem poiaratos?And you are proud! Shouldn’t you rather have been stricken with grief and have removed from your fellowship the man who did this?
penthameia“mourn”happened · Iaorist active subjunctive 1st person singular1×
2 Corinthians 12:21“mourn”mē palin ercharatou mu tapeinateia min tos theos mu pros vin, kai penthameia polloin toiu proamartanarētoiu kai mē metanoaratoiu epi ta akatharsia kai porneia kai aselgeia ha prassala.I am afraid that when I come again, my God will humble me before you, and I will be grieved over many who have sinned earlier and have not repented of their acts of impurity, sexual immorality, and debauchery.
penthavar“mourn”happened · yeaorist active imperative 2nd person plural1×
James 4:9“mourn”talaipōravar kai penthavar kai klaiavar; tos gelōtos vu eis penthem metatrepitar kai tas charas eis katēfeian;Grieve, mourn, and weep. Turn your laughter to mourning, and your joy to gloom.
pentharō“mourn”happening now · the “to …” formpresent active infinitive1×
Matthew 9:15“mourn”kai legata autoi tos Iēsus; Mē dunelō tois huiois tou numfōnou pentharō epi hoson meta autoiu atō tos numfios? ercheli de hēmerais hotan apairiteia apo autoiu tos numfios, kai tote nēsteuali.Jesus replied, “How can the guests of the bridegroom mourn while He is with them? But the time will come when the bridegroom will be taken from them; then they will fast.
pentharōtois“mourning”happening now · subjectpresent active participle nominative plural masculine3×
Matthew 5:4“mourn”makariois tois pentharōtois, hoti autois parakalili.Blessed are those who mourn, for they will be comforted.
Revelation 18:15“mourning”tois emporois houteiu, tois ploutaratois apo autau, apo makrothen histaneli dia ton fobon tou basanismou autau klaiarōtois kai pentharōtois,The merchants who sold these things and gained their wealth from her will stand at a distance, in fear of her torment. They will weep and mourn,
Revelation 18:19“mourning”kai ballala chouon epi tain kefalain autoiu kai krazala klaiarōtois kai pentharōtois legarōtois; Ouai ouai, tas politas tas megas, en ha ploutala pantois tois echarōtois teim ploieim en ta thalassa ek tau timiotau autau, hoti hena hōra erēmita.Then they will throw dust on their heads as they weep and mourn and cry out: “Woe, woe to the great city, where all who had ships on the sea were enriched by her wealth! For in a single hour she has been destroyed.”
pentharōtoi“mourning”happening now · to, forpresent active participle dative plural masculine1×
Mark 16:10“mourning”ekeinas poreuiratas apangellata toi meta autou gineratoi pentharōtoi kai klaiarōtoi;She went and told those who had been with Him, who were mourning and weeping.