verb
penthamō
Strong’sG3996
I mourn, lament
stem penth-10 times in the New Testamentin 7 of 27 books8 forms occur
What it means
What the word means, in the words of the lexicons out of copyright — Abbott-Smith, Strong's, and Liddell-Scott-Jones, wherever each has an entry for it.
πενθέω, -ῶ,
[in LXX chiefly for אבל;]
SYN.: v.s. θρηνέω.
G. Abbott-Smith, A Manual Greek Lexicon of the New Testament, 1922 — public domain. References open in the reader.
Strong’s G3996 — the 1890 definition, and where the word comes from
Saidpen-theh'-o
to grieve (the feeling or the act)
Fromfrom G3997;
King Jamesmourn, (be-)wail.
James Strong, Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible, 1890 — public domain. The numbers in it link to the entries here.
Liddell-Scott-Jones — the classical dictionary this word appears in
Epic dialect 3rd.pers. dual πενθείετον Refs 8th c.BC+; Epic dialect infinitive πενθήμεναι Refs 8th c.BC+: future -ήσωRefs 4th c.BC+: aorist ἐπένθησα Refs 4th c.BC+: perfect πεπένθηκα Refs 4th c.BC+: (πένθος):— bewail, lament, especially for persons, νέκυν πενθῆσαι Refs 8th c.BC+: absolutely, mourn, go into mourning, Refs 5th c.BC+:—passive, to be mourned for, Refs 5th c.BC+
2 of things, π. κακά Refs 5th c.BC+
H. G. Liddell, R. Scott, H. S. Jones, A Greek-English Lexicon (9th ed., 1925–1940) — digitised by the Perseus Digital Library and corrected and expanded by Tyndale House, Cambridge, via STEPBible-Data's TFLSJ table, CC BY 4.0. Covers all of Greek literature, not just the Bible.
Translated as
Every occurrence, sorted by the English it was actually given — the evidence for what the word means, not a gloss of it.
Berean Standard Bible (BSB), dedicated to the public domain — berean.bible.
Biblang forms
What the New Testament actually uses, first — the whole system this verb is built from is one click further down.
| Form and the Greek behind it | What it is | Usually | Times |
|---|---|---|---|
| penthalōπενθοῦσιν | happening now · theypresent active indicative 3rd person plural | mourn | 1× |
| penthaviπενθήσετε | will happen · yefuture active indicative 2nd person plural | mourn | 1× |
| penthavaἐπενθήσατε | happened · yeaorist active indicative 2nd person plural | mourned | 1× |
| penthameiaπενθήσω | happened · Iaorist active subjunctive 1st person singular | mourn | 1× |
| penthavarπενθήσατε | happened · yeaorist active imperative 2nd person plural | mourn | 1× |
| pentharōπενθεῖν | happening now · the “to …” formpresent active infinitive | mourn | 1× |
| pentharōntoisπενθοῦντες | happening now · subjectpresent active participle nominative plural masculine | mourning | 3× |
| pentharōntoiπενθοῦσι | happening now · to, forpresent active participle dative plural masculine | mourning | 1× |
Every form the New Testament uses, in paradigm order. What the system can build beyond them — the whole of this verb, whether the text happens to use it or not — is in the tables below.
Every form the system can build — all 86, by mood, including the ones the New Testament never uses
Statements — indicative mood, 3 occurrences
| Who person | happening now present | was happening imperfect | will happen future | happened aorist | has happened perfect | had happened pluperfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I 1st person singular | penthamō | penthame | penthami | penthama | penthamē | penthamelē |
| you 2nd person singular | penthasō | penthase | penthasi | penthasa | penthasē | penthaselē |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | penthatō | penthate | penthati | penthata | penthatē | penthatelē |
| we 1st person plural | penthanō | penthane | penthani | penthana | penthanē | penthanelē |
| ye 2nd person plural | penthavō | penthave | penthavi1×πενθήσετε | penthava1×ἐπενθήσατε | penthavē | penthavelē |
| they 3rd person plural | penthalō1×πενθοῦσιν | penthale | penthali | penthala | penthalē | penthalelē |
May, might — subjunctive mood, 1 occurrence
| Who person | happening now present | happened aorist | has happened perfect |
|---|---|---|---|
| I 1st person singular | penthameiō | penthameia1×πενθήσω | penthameiē |
| you 2nd person singular | penthaseiō | penthaseia | penthaseiē |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | penthateiō | penthateia | penthateiē |
| we 1st person plural | penthaneiō | penthaneia | penthaneiē |
| ye 2nd person plural | penthaveiō | penthaveia | penthaveiē |
| they 3rd person plural | penthaleiō | penthaleia | penthaleiē |
Commands — imperative mood, 1 occurrence
| Who person | happening now present | happened aorist | has happened perfect |
|---|---|---|---|
| you 2nd person singular | penthasōr | penthasar | penthasēr |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | penthatōr | penthatar | penthatēr |
| ye 2nd person plural | penthavōr | penthavar1×πενθήσατε | penthavēr |
| they 3rd person plural | penthalōr | penthalar | penthalēr |
Wishes — optative mood, no occurrences
| Who person | happening now present | happened aorist |
|---|---|---|
| I 1st person singular | penthamoiō | penthamoia |
| you 2nd person singular | penthasoiō | penthasoia |
| he/she/it 3rd person singular | penthatoiō | penthatoia |
| we 1st person plural | penthanoiō | penthanoia |
| ye 2nd person plural | penthavoiō | penthavoia |
| they 3rd person plural | penthaloiō | penthaloia |
The “to …” form — infinitive, 1 occurrence
| Who is acting voice | happening now present | will happen future | happened aorist | has happened perfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| the subject acts active voice | pentharō1×πενθεῖν | penthari | penthara | pentharē |
Used as an adjective — participle, 4 occurrences
| Who is acting voice | happening now present | will happen future | happened aorist | has happened perfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| the subject acts active voice | pentharōntos4× | pentharintos | pentharantos | pentharēntos |
Each is given in the form it takes as a subject. From there a participle carries the ordinary noun endings, in every case, number and gender — so these four columns are the whole of what the verb contributes.
How every form is built — the slots that make them
penth is this word in every one of its forms. The slots after it make all the rest.
same in every form varies — every value shown
Words built on the same stem
Other words sharing the exact same stem — not merely related in meaning.
Where it appears
Every verse the word appears in, filed under the form it takes there.
10 occurrences, every one of them listed
penthalō“mourn”happening now · theypresent active indicative 3rd person plural1×
Revelation 18:11… tois emporois tau gēau klaialō kai penthalō epi autan, hoti ton gomon autoiu …… of the earth will weep and mourn over her, because there is no …
penthavi“mourn”will happen · yefuture active indicative 2nd person plural1×
Luke 6:25… peinavi. ouai, tois gelarōntoir nun, hoti penthavi kai klaiavi.… who laugh now, for you will mourn and weep.
penthava“mourned”happened · yeaorist active indicative 2nd person plural1×
1 Corinthians 5:2“mourned”… vis fusiorēntois avō, kai ouchi mallon penthava, hina airiteia ek meseu vu tos …And you are proud! Shouldn’t you rather have been stricken with grief and have removed from your fellowship the man who …
penthameia“mourn”happened · Iaorist active subjunctive 1st person singular1×
2 Corinthians 12:21“mourn”… tos theos mu pros vin, kai penthameia polloin toiu proamartanarēntoiu kai mē metanoarantoiu …… come again, my God will humble me before you, and I will be grieved over many who have sinned earlier and have not repented of their …
penthavar“mourn”happened · yeaorist active imperative 2nd person plural1×
James 4:9talaipōravar kai penthavar kai klaiavar; tos gelōtos vu eis …Grieve, mourn, and weep. Turn your laughter to …
pentharō“mourn”happening now · the “to …” formpresent active infinitive1×
Matthew 9:15… Mē dunolō tois huiois tou numfōnou pentharō epi hoson meta autoiu atō tos …… can the guests of the bridegroom mourn while He is with them? But …
pentharōntois“mourning”happening now · subjectpresent active participle nominative plural masculine3×
Matthew 5:4makariois tois pentharōntois, hoti autois parakalili.Blessed are those who mourn, for they will be comforted.
Revelation 18:15“mourning”… fobon tou basanismou autau klaiarōntois kai pentharōntois,… distance, in fear of her torment. They will weep and mourn,
Revelation 18:19“mourning”… kefalain autoiu kai krazala klaiarōntois kai pentharōntois legarōntois; Ouai ouai, tas polas tas …… dust on their heads as they weep and mourn and cry out: “Woe, woe to the great city, where all who had ships on the sea were …
pentharōntoi“mourning”happening now · to, forpresent active participle dative plural masculine1×
Mark 16:10… poreuirantas apangelata toi meta autou generantoi pentharōntoi kai klaiarōntoi;… had been with Him, who were mourning and weeping.