noun · masculine
huios
Strong’sG5207
a son, descendent
stem hui-375 times in the New Testamentin 20 of 27 books10 of 10 forms occur
What it means
A plain-English reading of the word, with the lexicons it draws on — Abbott-Smith, Strong's, and Liddell-Scott-Jones — right below it, in full.
AI Summary
Son, in the ordinary sense of a male child or descendant 1234. This is its most common use, covering immediate offspring as well as more distant descendants, and it can occasionally be used of the young of animals 23.
The word is also used figuratively, following a Semitic idiom, to describe someone as belonging to or characterized by a certain quality or group — for example being called a "son" of light, of peace, of disobedience, or of destruction means sharing the nature or destiny associated with that thing, not literal parentage 1.
Son of God is used of Jesus in a unique sense, and also, in a different sense, of believers or of people generally as sharing in the divine nature and the life to come 13.
Son of Man is a title, drawn from the depiction in Daniel of a human figure, used almost exclusively by Jesus of himself, combining the ideas of genuine humanity and a representative role 13.
Sources: 1 Abbott-Smith 2 Strong's 3 LSJ 4 Dodson. Condensed by anthropic/claude-sonnet-5 on 2026-09-23 — it may still misstate what these say; check them yourself if it matters to you.
The lexicons it was drawn from, in full:
Abbott-Smith — the 1922 lexicon entry, in full
υἱός, -οῦ, ὁ, [in LXX very freq. and nearly always for בֵּן, Ge 4:17, al.; for בַּר, Da LXX TH 7:13, al.; etc.;],
G. Abbott-Smith, A Manual Greek Lexicon of the New Testament, 1922 — public domain. References open in the reader.
Strong’s G5207 — the 1890 definition, and where the word comes from
Saidhwee-os'
a "son" (sometimes of animals), used very widely of immediate, remote or figuratively, kinship
Fromapparently a primary word;
King Jameschild, foal, son.
James Strong, Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible, 1890 — public domain. The numbers in it link to the entries here.
Liddell-Scott-Jones — the classical dictionary this word appears in
(written ϝηιός in Ἀρχ. Ἐφ. Refs 6th c.BC+ —in earlier _Attic dialect_ and other Inscrr. inflected as a ῠ-stem (like πῆχυς), _nominative_ υἱύς (written huihus)Refs; dative υἱεῖ: dual υἱεῖ Refs 5th c.BC+, written ηυιε in Refs 5th c.BC+ are rejected by Refs 2nd c.AD+, Thom.Mag.p.367 R., as not Attic dialect, though the two latter forms are used by later writers (as υἱέα Refs 3rd c.BC+ is falsa lectio in Refs 5th c.BC+ is mentioned as a form that would be regular by Refs —Homer uses _nominative_ υἱός (very frequently); genitive υἱοῦ only in Refs 8th c.BC+, elsewhere υἱέο; dative υἱέϊ or υἱε; accusative υἱέα Refs 8th c.BC+: plural, nominative υἱέες Refs 8th c.BC+; dative υἱοῖσι (ν) only Refs 8th c.BC+, belongs solely to later Epic dialect poets, as Refs 3rd c.BC+ (υιυις lapis); accusative υἱύν Refs; genitive υἱέος Refs 6th c.BC+; but υἱοῦ Refs 7th c.BC+; nominative plural υἱέες Refs; accusative plural υἱύνς Refs 8th c.BC+ which have ρα = ṛ, cf. Sanskrit pitṛ[snull]u); ὑέεσσι Refs; υἷος in Refs 5th c.BC+ is nominative rather than genitive in Refs 2nd c.BC+; a nominative ὑϊς (scanned - ?~X) Refs 6th c.BC+-in Attic dialect Inscrr. down to Refs 5th c.BC+ reappears under the Empire; in Plato codex A usually has ὑιος, which is found also in T, codex B always has υἱός, editors restore ὑό; accusative υἱόν is recommended by Refs 2nd c.AD+ [same place]; in Inscrr. of Pergamon, Magnesia, and Delphi, and in non-literary Papyri, ὑός is at all times less common than υἱός:—ὁ υεἱός Refs:—son, Refs 8th c.BC+; υἱὸν ποιεῖσθαί τινα to adopt as a son, Refs 4th c.BC+; υἱεῖς ἄνδρες grown-up sons, Refs 4th c.BC+ Oracle texts cited in Refs 5th c.BC+: rarely of animals, NT
2 periphrastic, υἷες Ἀχαιῶν, for Ἀχαιοί, Refs 8th c.BC+
3 generally, child, and so υἱ. ἄρρην male child, NT+3rd c.AD+
4 frequently in Refs years old, LXX; υἱοὶ ἀδικίας Refshostages, LXX+NT
5 in some dialects, including the Ionic dialect Prose of Refs 5th c.BC+ is rare in Trag., Refs 8th c.BC+
6 as a general term of affection, Refs 2nd c.AD+; υἱέ, an author's address to the reader, LXX
7 δάμου υἱός, υἱὸς πόλεως, Ἑλλάδος, as titles of honour, Refs 1st c.AD+
8 υἱοὶ ἀνθρώπων sons of men, periphrastic for men (compare above 2,4), LXX; οἱ υἱοὶ τῶν ἀ.LXX+NTman, LXX; of the Messiah,LXX+NT; used by Jesus of himself, NT (by Stephen recalling the words of Jesus, NT
9 υἱοὶ Θεοῦ sons of God, implying inheritors of the nature of God NT; implying participants in the glory of God, Refs
9.b of Jesus, τὸ γεννώμενον κληθήσεται υἱὸς Θεοῦ Refs; ὁ Χριστός, ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ, NT
9.c Θεοῦ υἱός, = Latin Refs filius, patronymic of Augustus, Refs 4th c.BC+. [Hom.sometimes has the first syllable short in nominative, vocative and accusative singular, οὐδὲ Δρύαντος υἱός Refs 8th c.BC+; Simon. [prev. cited] seems to have used a monosyllable nominative υἷς, and Hdn.Gr. may have read it as ὕις (??), but this is uncertain, as in Refs 8th c.BC+ does not occur.] (Prob. from *sū-yú-s, cf. Sanskrit sūte 'procreate', Tocharian (A-dialogue) se, (B-dialogue) soyä 'son'; different suffix in *sū-nu-s, Sanskrit sūnūs, etc., and in *s[ucaron]-nu-s, ORefs 5th c.BC+ sunu, etc. (all = son); *sūyú- perhaps became *s[ucaron]wyú-, then *suiwú-; υἱός and υἱόν perhaps by dissimilation from υἱύς υἱύν, since the o-stem forms appear first where υ-υ would otherwise be repeated; ὗϊς (ὑΐς) may be another dissimilation; the precise origin of υἷος υἷι υἷες etc. is uncertain.)
H. G. Liddell, R. Scott, H. S. Jones, A Greek-English Lexicon (9th ed., 1925–1940) — digitised by the Perseus Digital Library and corrected and expanded by Tyndale House, Cambridge, via STEPBible-Data's TFLSJ table, CC BY 4.0. Covers all of Greek literature, not just the Bible.
Translated as
Every occurrence, sorted by the English it was actually given — the evidence for what the word means, not a gloss of it.
Berean Standard Bible (BSB), dedicated to the public domain — berean.bible.
Biblang forms
Every form this word takes in Biblang, with the Greek it corresponds to and how often the New Testament uses it.
| Job in the sentence case | one singular | more than one plural |
|---|---|---|
| subject nominative | huios159×υἱὸς | huiois32×υἱοὶ |
| object accusative | huion85×υἱὸν | huioin14×υἱοὺς |
| direct address vocative | huior10×υἱὲ | huioir1×υἱοὶ |
| of, belonging to genitive | huiou35×υἱοῦ | huioiu17×υἱῶν |
| to, for dative | huio15×υἱῷ | huioi7×υἱοῖς |
Why these forms, and no others — the slots that make them
huio is this word in every one of its forms. The slots after it make all the rest.
same in every form varies — every value shown
Where it appears
Every verse the word appears in, filed under the form it takes there.
375 occurrences, 100 of them printed here — the rest are in the reader
huios“son”subjectnominative singular159×, 12 shown
Matthew 1:20… kata onarem fanita auto legarōntos; Iōsēf huios David, mē fobiseia paralabara Marian tan …… in a dream and said, “Joseph, son of David, do not be afraid …
Matthew 3:17… toiu ouranoiu legarōntas; Houtos atō tos huios mu tos agapētos, en ho eudokama.… heaven said, “This is My beloved Son, in whom I am well pleased!”
Matthew 4:3… prosercharantos tos peirazarōntos legata auto; Ei huios asō tou theou, legasar hina tois …… and said, “If You are the Son of God, tell these stones to …
Matthew 4:6kai legatō auto; Ei huios asō tou theou, balasar siauton katō; …“If You are the Son of God,” he said, “throw Yourself …
Matthew 7:9… ek vu anthrōpos, hon aitati tos huios autou arton mē lithon epidōati auto?Which of you, if his son asks for bread, will give him …
Matthew 8:20… peteineim tou ouranou kataskēnōsiain, tos de huios tou anthrōpou ouk echatō pou tan …… the air have nests, but the Son of Man has no place to …
Matthew 9:6… de oidaveiē hoti exousian echatō tos huios tou anthrōpou epi tau gēau afiēkarō …… that you may know that the Son of Man has authority on earth …
Matthew 10:23… tou Israēl heōs an erchateia tos huios tou anthrōpou.… the towns of Israel before the Son of Man comes.
Matthew 11:19erchata tos huios tou anthrōpou esthiarōntos kai pinarōntos, kai …The Son of Man came eating and drinking …
Matthew 11:27… patron tinos epignōskatō ei mē tos huios kai ho ean bouloteiō tos huios …… Son and those to whom the Son chooses to reveal Him.
Matthew 11:27… huios kai ho ean bouloteiō tos huios apokaluptara.… My Father. No one knows the Son except the Father, and no one …
Matthew 12:8kurios gar atō teu sabbateu tos huios tou anthrōpou.For the Son of Man is Lord of the …
huion“son”objectaccusative singular85×, 12 shown
Matthew 1:21tikteti de huion kai kalasi tem onomem autou Iēsun, …She will give birth to a Son, and you are to give Him …
Matthew 1:23… parthenas en gastra echati kai tikteti huion, kai kalali tem onomem autou Emmanouēl; …… and will give birth to a son, and they will call Him Immanuel …
Matthew 1:25… ouk gnōskate autan heōs hou tiktata huion; kai kalata tem onomem autou Iēsun.… until she gave birth to a Son. And he gave Him the name …
Matthew 2:15… profētou legarōntou; Ek Aiguptau kalama ton huion mu.… Out of Egypt I called My Son.”
Matthew 10:37… atō mu axios; kai tos filarōntos huion ē thugatran huper min ouk atō …… of Me; anyone who loves his son or daughter more than Me is …
Matthew 11:27… patrou mu, kai oudenos epignōskatō ton huion ei mē tos patros, oude ton …… one knows the Father except the Son and those to whom the Son …
Matthew 16:13… Tinon legalō tois anthrōpois arō ton huion tou anthrōpou?… disciples: “Who do people say the Son of Man is?”
Matthew 16:28… geueleia thanatou heōs an horaleia ton huion tou anthrōpou erchorōnton en ta basileia …… taste death before they see the Son of Man coming in His kingdom.”
Matthew 17:15kai legarōntos; Kurior, elēasar mu ton huion, hoti selēniazotō kai kakōs paschatō, pollakis …“Lord, have mercy on my son,” he said. “He has seizures and …
Matthew 21:5… epibainarēntos epi onan kai epi pōlon huion hupozugieu.… a donkey, on a colt, the foal of a donkey.’”
Matthew 21:37husterem de apostelata pros autoin ton huion autou legarōntos; Entrapili ton huion mu.Finally, he sent his son to them. ‘They will respect my …
Matthew 21:37… ton huion autou legarōntos; Entrapili ton huion mu.… to them. ‘They will respect my son,’ he said.
huior“son”direct addressvocative singular10×
Matthew 8:29… krazala legarōntois; Tinem ni kai si, huior tou theou? erchasa hōde pro kairou …“What do You want with us, Son of God?” they shouted. “Have You …
Matthew 9:27… tuflois krazarōntois kai legarōntois; Elēasar nin, huior David.… crying out, “Have mercy on us, Son of David!”
Mark 5:7… legatō; Tinem mi kai si, Iēsur huior tou theou tou hupsistou? horkizamō sin …… do You want with me, Jesus, Son of the Most High God? I …
Mark 10:47… Nazarēnos atō archeta krazarō kai legarō; Huior David Iēsur, elēasar min.… he began to cry out, “Jesus, Son of David, have mercy on me!”
Mark 10:48… siōpateia; tos de polle mallon krazate; Huior David, elēasar min.… he cried out all the louder, “Son of David, have mercy on me!”
Luke 8:28… legata; Tinem mi kai si, Iēsur huior tou theou tou hupsistou? domō su, …… do You want with me, Jesus, Son of the Most High God? I …
Luke 18:38kai boata legarōntos; Iēsur huior David, elēasar min.So he called out, “Jesus, Son of David, have mercy on me!”
Luke 18:39… sigateia; autos de polle mallon krazate; Huior David, elēasar min.… he cried out all the louder, “Son of David, have mercy on me!”
Acts 13:10“son”… plēror pantou dolou kai pantau radiourgiau, huior diabolou, echthror pantau dikaiosunau, ouk pauesi …… of the devil and enemy of all righteousness, you are full of all kinds of deceit and trickery! Will you never stop perverting the …
Hebrews 12:5… paraklēsiau, hotinas vi hōs huioi dialegotō, Huior mu, mē oligōrasōr paideiau kuriou, mēde …… that addresses you as sons: “My son, do not take lightly the discipline …
huiou“son”of, belonging togenitive singular35×, 12 shown
Matthew 1:1Biblas genesiau Iēsu christou huiou David huiou Abraam.… the genealogy of Jesus Christ, the son of David, the son of Abraham:
Matthew 1:1Biblas genesiau Iēsu christou huiou David huiou Abraam.… Christ, the son of David, the son of Abraham:
Matthew 12:32… hos ean legateia logon kata tou huiou tou anthrōpou, afiēkiti auto; hos de …Whoever speaks a word against the Son of Man will be forgiven, but …
Matthew 23:35… tou dikaiou heōs teu haimeu Zachariou huiou Barachiou, hon foneuava metaxu tou naou …… Abel to the blood of Zechariah son of Berechiah, whom you murdered between …
Matthew 24:27… dusmaiu, houtōs eti tas parousias tou huiou tou anthrōpou;… will be the coming of the Son of Man.
Matthew 24:30kai tote faniti tem sēmem tou huiou tou anthrōpou en to ourano, kai …… that time the sign of the Son of Man will appear in heaven …
Matthew 24:37… Nōe, houtōs eti tas parousias tou huiou tou anthrōpou;… be at the coming of the Son of Man.
Matthew 24:39… houtōs eti kai tas parousias tou huiou tou anthrōpou.… be at the coming of the Son of Man.
Matthew 28:19… tem onomem tou patrou kai tou huiou kai teu hagieu pneumeu,… of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit,
Luke 6:22… onomem vu hōs ponērem heneka tou huiou tou anthrōpou;… name as evil because of the Son of Man.
Luke 17:22… hote epithumavi henan taiu hēmeraiu tou huiou tou anthrōpou horara kai ouk horevi.… one of the days of the Son of Man, but you will not …
Luke 17:26… eti kai en tai hēmerai tou huiou tou anthrōpou;… be in the days of the Son of Man:
huio“son”to, fordative singular15×, 11 shown
Matthew 21:9… tois akoloutharōntois krazale legarōntois; Hōsanna to huio David; Eulogorēntos tos erchorōntos en onome …… followed were shouting: “Hosanna to the Son of David!” “Blessed is He who …
Matthew 21:15… te hiere kai legarōntoin; Hōsanna to huio David aganaktala… the temple courts, “Hosanna to the Son of David!”
Matthew 22:2… anthrōpo basilevo, hotinos poiata gamoin to huio autou.… prepared a wedding banquet for his son.
Luke 12:53diamerizili patros epi huio kai huios epi patro, mētēras epi …They will be divided, father against son and son against father, mother against …
Luke 18:31… teim graforēnteim dia toiu profētoiu to huio tou anthrōpou;… the prophets have written about the Son of Man will be fulfilled.
John 3:36… zōan aiōnian; tos de apeitharōntos to huio ouk horeti zōan, alla tas orgas …… has eternal life. Whoever rejects the Son will not see life. Instead, the …
John 4:5… hem dōata Iakōb to Iōsēf to huio autou;… that Jacob had given to his son Joseph.
John 5:22… alla tan krisian pantan dōatē to huio,… has assigned all judgment to the Son,
John 5:26… zōan en heauto, houtōs kai to huio dōata zōan echarō en heauto;… so also He has granted the Son to have life in Himself.
John 14:13… hina doxaziteia tos patros en to huio;… Father may be glorified in the Son.
Hebrews 1:2… taiu hēmeraiu houtaiu lalata ni en huio, hon tithata klēronomon panteiu, dia hou …… has spoken to us by His Son, whom He appointed heir of all …
huiois“sons”subjectnominative plural32×, 12 shown
Matthew 5:9makariois tois eirēnopoiois, hoti autois huiois theou kalili.… peacemakers, for they will be called sons of God.
Matthew 5:45hopōs geneveia huiois tou patrou vu tou en ouranoi, …that you may be sons of your Father in heaven. He …
Matthew 8:12tois de huiois tau basileiau ekbalili eis tem skotem …But the sons of the kingdom will be thrown …
Matthew 9:15… autoi tos Iēsus; Mē dunolō tois huiois tou numfōnou pentharō epi hoson meta …Jesus replied, “How can the guests of the bridegroom mourn while He …
Matthew 12:27… en Beelzeboul ekbalamō teim daimoneim, tois huiois vu en tino ekbalalō? dia houtem …… by Beelzebul, by whom do your sons drive them out? So then, they …
Matthew 13:38… de kalem spermem, houtois alō tois huiois tau basileiau; teim de zizanieim alō …… and the good seed represents the sons of the kingdom. The weeds are …
Matthew 13:38… basileiau; teim de zizanieim alō tois huiois tou ponērou,… the kingdom. The weeds are the sons of the evil one,
Matthew 17:26… Iēsus; Ara ge eleutherois alō tois huiois.“From others,” Peter answered. “Then the sons are exempt,” Jesus said to him.
Matthew 20:21… Legasar hina kathizaleia houtois tois duo huiois mu henos ek dexeiu su kai …… Your kingdom one of these two sons of mine may sit at Your …
Matthew 23:31“descendants”hōste marturavō heautoi hoti huiois avō toiu foneuarantoiu toin profētoin.So you testify against yourselves that you are the sons of those who murdered the prophets.
Mark 2:19… autoi tos Iēsus; Mē dunolō tois huiois tou numfōnou en ho tos numfios …Jesus replied, “How can the guests of the bridegroom fast while He …
Mark 3:17… epitithata autoi onomeim Boanērges, hem atō Huiois Brontau,… John ( whom He named Boanerges, meaning “Sons of Thunder”),
huioin“sons”objectaccusative plural14×, 11 shown
Matthew 26:37… paralabarantos ton Petron kai toin duo huioin Zebedaiou archeta luporō kai adēmonarō.… with Him Peter and the two sons of Zebedee and began to be …
Luke 5:10homoiōs de kai Iakōbon kai Iōannon huioin Zebedaiou, hois ale koinōnois to Simōno. …… his partners James and John, the sons of Zebedee. “Do not be afraid …
Luke 5:34“attendants”… legata pros autoin; Mē dunovō toin huioin tou numfōnou en ho tos numfios …Jesus replied, “Can you make the guests of the bridegroom fast while He is …
Luke 15:11Legata de; Anthrōpos tinos echate duo huioin.… was a man who had two sons.
Luke 16:8… tou aiōnou houtou fronimoterois huper toin huioin teu fōteu eis tan genean tan …… their own kind than are the sons of light.
Acts 7:23“sons”… autou episkeptera toin adelfoin autou toin huioin Israēl.… decided to visit his brothers, the children of Israel.
Acts 7:29… paroikos en gēa Madiam, hou gennata huioin duo.… as a foreigner and had two sons.
2 Corinthians 3:7“sons”… doxa, hōste mē dunorō atenizara toin huioin Israēl eis tem prosōpem Mōusou dia …… with such glory that the Israelites could not gaze at the face of Moses because of its fleeting …
2 Corinthians 3:13“sons”… autou, pros tem mē atenizara toin huioin Israēl eis tem telem teu katargorōnteu.… veil over his face to keep the Israelites from gazing at the end of what …
2 Corinthians 6:18… patron, kai vis evi mi eis huioin kai thugatrain, legatō kurios pantokratoros.… you, and you will be My sons and daughters, says the Lord Almighty.”
Galatians 4:22grafotē gar hoti Abraam duo huioin echata, henon ek tau paidiskau kai …… is written that Abraham had two sons, one by the slave woman and …
huioir“sons”direct addressvocative plural1×
Acts 13:26“sons”Androir adelfoir, huioir geneu Abraam kai tois en vi …Brothers, children of Abraham, and you Gentiles who …
huioiu“sons”of, belonging togenitive plural17×, 12 shown
Matthew 17:25… labalō teleim ē kēnson? apo toiu huioiu autoiu ē apo toiu allotrioiu?… customs and taxes: from their own sons, or from others?”
Matthew 20:20Tote proserchata auto tas mētēras toiu huioiu Zebedaiou meta toiu huioiu autau proskunarōntas …Then the mother of Zebedee’s sons came to Jesus with her sons …
Matthew 20:20… mētēras toiu huioiu Zebedaiou meta toiu huioiu autau proskunarōntas kai aitarōntas tinem para …… sons came to Jesus with her sons and knelt down to make a …
Matthew 27:9“sons”… timan tou timorēntou hon timela apo huioiu Israēl,… silver, the price set on Him by the people of Israel,
Matthew 27:56… Iōsēf mētēras kai tas mētēras toiu huioiu Zebedaiou.… Joseph, and the mother of Zebedee’s sons.
Luke 1:16“children”kai polloin toiu huioiu Israēl epistrefati epi kurion ton theon …Many of the sons of Israel he will turn back to the Lord their God.
Acts 5:21“sons”… sunedriem kai pantan tan gerousian toiu huioiu Israēl, kai apostelala eis tem desmōtēriem …… the Sanhedrin— the full assembly of the elders of Israel— and sent to the jail for the apostles.
Acts 7:16… ōneta Abraam timau argurieu para toiu huioiu Hemmōr en Suchem.… that Abraham had bought from the sons of Hamor at Shechem for a …
Acts 9:15“children”… mu enōpion ethneiu tē kai basilevoiu huioiu tē Israēl,… to carry My name before the Gentiles and their kings, and before the people of Israel.
Romans 8:19… apokaradokias tau ktisiau tan apokalupsian toiu huioiu tou theou apekdechotō;… expectation for the revelation of the sons of God.
Romans 9:27“sons”… Israēl; Ean ateiō tos arithmos toiu huioiu Israēl hōs tas ammoas tau thalassau, …… out concerning Israel: “Though the number of the Israelites is like the sand of the sea, only the remnant will be saved.
Hebrews 7:5kai tois men ek toiu huioiu Leviou tan hierateian labarōntois entolan echalō …Now the law commands the sons of Levi who become priests to …
huioi“sons”to, fordative plural7×
Mark 3:28… legamō vi hoti panteim afiēkiti toi huioi toiu anthrōpoiu, teim hamartēmeim kai tais …Truly I tell you, the sons of men will be forgiven all …
Acts 7:37“sons”… atō tos Mōusos tos legarantos toi huioi Israēl; Profēton vi anastēati tos theos …This is the same Moses who told the Israelites, ‘God will raise up for you a prophet like me …
Acts 10:36“sons”ton logon hon apostelata toi huioi Israēl euangelizorōntos eirēnan dia Iēsu Christou; …He has sent this message to the people of Israel, proclaiming the gospel of peace through Jesus Christ, who is …
Ephesians 2:2… pneumeu teu nun energarōnteu en toi huioi tau apeitheiau;… is now at work in the sons of disobedience.
Ephesians 3:5“sons”hem heterai geneai ouk gnōrizita toi huioi toiu anthrōpoiu hōs nun apokaluptita toi …which was not made known to men in other generations as it has now been revealed by the Spirit to …
Hebrews 12:5… eklanthanovē tau paraklēsiau, hotinas vi hōs huioi dialegotō, Huior mu, mē oligōrasōr paideiau …… the exhortation that addresses you as sons: “My son, do not take lightly …
Hebrews 12:7eis paideian hupomenavō; hōs huioi vi prosferotō tos theos; tinos gar …… discipline; God is treating you as sons. For what son is not disciplined …